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Anthropos 3–4 (223–224) 2011
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE OCCASION OF THE
120TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF FRANCE VEBER
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The article examines the theory of Sollen, which is presented by France Veber in his work dated 1916. This work was the basis for the doctoral dissertation of Veber in Graz. Veber, differently from his teacher A. Meinong, finds an own objectivity for the Sollen. This objectivity is presented by willing in direct proportionality with values. Meinong positively accepted the contribution of Veber and his new analysis. Veber explains in details the objectivity and the structure of Sollen, its grades and species, and in this way he gives the basic lines for the ethics as logic of the affective reason. After that, he deeply developed this logic in his Etika (1923).
Keywords: France Veber, Sollen, ethics, values, Meinong.
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Although Veber started with Meinongian theory of objects he was engaged in transcending it. Meinongian objects tend to be recognized as ultimate ontological entities of vague nature. This results in a tension, which may be tamed by conceiving objects as language/thought co-constituted entities. Although Veber did not use the vagueness agenda, he tackled the same phenomenon by recognizing that objects cannot be ultimate ontological constituents and rather that they are the ontic peripheral stuff . The resulting picture, in the hitting of reality phase, is the existence of one ultimate richly dynamical ontological world, and of the multitude of ontic entities ex-sisting upon that world, being recognized in it by language/thought. The difference between the ontological and the ontic peripheral interpretation of objects may also be interpreted as that of the shift from truth as direct correspondence towards truth as indirect correspondence. In such a manner, Veber recognizes the contextually conditioned scorekeeping that was there for the theory of objects all the time, since tension arises from the synchronic recognition of objects as ultimate ontological entities and of their vague nature. The hitting of reality phase reconciles these conundrum producing forces by acknowledging them as peripheral language/thought co-constituted ontic entities, besides to the ultimate ontological world that these objects are able to hit. As touching and relevance may be achieved through vague ontic objects, this is another confirmation of their language/thought constituted nature, upon the basis of the ultimately ontological world.
Keywords: theory of objects, touching, vagueness, ontic objects, language/thought, France Veber.
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Focusing mainly on Meinong’s Über emotionale Präsentation and Veber’s Die Natur des Sollens, I examine their respective conceptions of ought. Meinong has not written a specific work on the ought, he deals with it as a part of his value theory. In Über emotionale Präsentation the ought is a property of being, which cannot be viewed as separated from a desiring subject. The ought is an ideal object of higher order; it concerns neither factuality nor non-factuality, but subfactuality, that is the realm of possibility. In Die Natur des Sollens, Veber proposes a structured theory of ought, which is grounded on Meinongian concepts. The ought is the object of a volition, it is a genuine object, even though ideal. I conclude by portraying the differences between Veber’s and Meinong’s conceptions of the ought.
Keywords: ought, value, Meinong, Veber, object, emotions, desires.
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The article deals with a general outline of the basic characteristics of France Veber‘s ethics as developed in his book Ethics (1923). It deals with concepts and problems that are central for this ethics: the concept of moral conscience, duty, evaluative emotions and strives and the question of formal and material correctness or truth of the last. As a logic of the instinctive reason ethics is also placed into the context of Veber’s philosophy in genera and some brief comparisons are made to his other works where he deals with questions pertaining to moral and social philosophy: Idejni temelji slovanskega agrarizma (Th e Foundations of Slavic Agrarianism, 1927), Filozofija (Philosophy, 1930), Sv. Avguštin (St. Augustine, 1931) and Nacionalizem in krščanstvo (Nationalism and Christianity, 1938). The article considers in more detail also the relationship between subjective and objective in Veber’s ethics, the distinction between duty in a strict and in a less strict sense, the question of the role and epistemic status of a moral conscience, the problem of moral motivation, and the question of moral values and their ground. Veber’s ethics as a logic of instinctive reason may be briefly characterized as an ethics of moral conscience. Conscience is defined as a disposition for material and formal correctness of our emotions and strives, especially evaluative or axiological emotions and strives in a narrow sense. Correct axiological emotions and strivings are the final end of our moral and ethical lives. Immorality is therefore incorrectness of axiological instinctive reason. For Veber, ethics is an autonomous science, i.e. an ordered and systematic system of knowledge, which deals with correctness of our axiological emotions and strivings, just as science of logic deals with correctness of our thinking.
Key words: ethics, conscience, duty, evaluative emotions and strivings, France Veber.
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I confine my discussion on Veber’s object-theoretic phase of his philosophy which was the basis of all his later philosophical thought. For this phase was eminent his distinction between the facts (“dejstva”) in general and the “veridical” (“istinit” or “factual”) facts. This difference corresponds to Meinong’s difference between “objectives” and “facts”. We may find similar distinctions by many other thinkers of the 20.th, e. g. by early Russell and Wittgenstein. Many philosophers make distinction between states of affairs (Sachverhalte) and facts (Tatsache). Facts are considered as the “existent states of affairs”, or states of affairs as “possible facts”. States of affairs are thus considered as a kind of shadow facts and have a kind of shadow existence. I first reject Simon’s interpretation of states of affairs as irreal objects by the adequate analysis of the Wittgenstein’s concept of state of affairs in Tractatus and then present Brentano’s criticism of states of affairs (and facts) as something which exist beside individual things. I then critically consider Meinog’s and Veber’s concepts of states of affairs (“objectives”, “facts”) and go over to their (implicit) identity theory of truth. It bases on the identity schema of ascribing truth which runs by Meinong as “the thought (judgement) p is true = the objective p is factual” and by Veber as “the thought (judgement) p is true = the fact p is veridical”, or shortly “Tp = Fp”. Their formal essence could be taken in the “equation”: p is true = p. One of the serious weak points of this schema is that the non-truth of a sentence only with difficulties (if any) corresponds to the truth of the negation of the sentence.
Keywords: theory of object, Veber, Meinong, facts, objectives, states of affairs, truth.
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The author’s aim is to place Veber’s philosophy into context and its evaluation. Such an evaluation is a demanding task for various reasons: Veber developed an integral philosophy; his opus is quite extensive; this task demands – beside knowledge of Veber’s opus – the knowledge about the origins and the context of Veber’s thought; one has to make some method or criteria for such an evaluation. The aspects of Veber’s philosophy which are appropriate for an evaluation are the following: Veber’s meaning for the Graaz school; evaluation of its meaning in the broader phenomenological context; Veber and personalism; Veber and Christian thought; Veber’s social and cultural philosophy; Veber’s place and role in the history of the Slovene philosophy and in the Slovene intellectual history; Veber’s philosophy today (from the contemporary perspective). Till now, the more thorough considerations and receptions of Veber’s philosophy have been provided mostly by Slovene philosophers. This is not a surprise because most of Veber’s texts are written in Slovene. If we mainly neglect the reception before the Second World War their background has been Christian thought ((neo)scholasticism) (Janžekovič, Juhant, partly also Hlebš), object theory, phenomenology or Heideggerian approach (Pirjevec, Urbančič, Hribar, Komel) or an analytical philosophical paradigm (Potrč, Sajama, Gombocz, Ule, Strahovnik). In some cases there is a combination of the listed (Trstenjak, Bartelj, Žalec), harder identifiable background (Marini) or markedly “neutral” summaries and texts that more or less just inform the reader, without any observable own profile, directedness or attitude (Pihlar). Th e author will concentrate upon the later reception, after the Second World War.
Key words: Veber’s philosophy; its reception, value and meaning; paradigms of Slovene philosophy; future “destiny” of Veber’s thought.
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
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Structural models have been developed in both cognitive and conative fields of personality. Very recently, the empirical psychological research yielded the results that convincingly show the existence and importance of the General Factor of Personality (GFP or the Big One) in the Big Five domain. Consequently, the existent hierarchical models of personality structure should be modified to the essential extent. Moreover, the question arises, whether GFP is in the essence a representative of still more general factor underlying the entire conative sphere of personality. In this study, the structural multivariate analyses of the 19 very complex psychological variables (including the Big Five, self-concept and self esteem, self-discrepancies, self-construals, gender schema, emotionality, well-being and psychological health) have been conducted. The results convincingly demonstrated the existence of a distinctive general factor at the apex of the structural hierarchy of the variables in the model. This factor has been interpreted as the Big Factor of Personality (BFP). The BFP correlated very highly with the GFP, yet encompasses some significant additional information. Thus, the results of the study corroborated the idea of a very general dimension underlying the entire non-cognitive domain of personality.
Keywords: Personality, personality structure, basic dimensions of personality, Big Five, Big Two, Big One, General Factor of Personality (GFP)
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Human nutrition has become a subject of scientific studies only a few decades ago. In this article we focus on the determinants of eating behaviour and on eating as a motive. We discuss different models of food choice: developmental, cognitive and psychophysiological. We describe the role of learning in the eating process and the relation between food and emotions, concentrating on emotional eating. Through all the chapters we relate to the issue of healthy eating and the importance of it to an individual‘s optimal mental and physical functioning.
Key words: Eating behaviour, motivation, food choice, learning, food and emotions, healthy eating
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The loss of highly educated young adults due to emigration after graduation has historically been a problem for Slovenia. In this study, we examine psychological predictors of wanting to stay or leave Ljubljana in a sample of students surveyed in 2010. Analyses focused on 119 women students from psychology and the social sciences. A new scale was developed to measure psychological place attachment to Ljubljana. This was found to be predictive of emigration desires. Other variables related to wanting to live in Ljubljana after graduation included having friends in Ljubljana, having parents living in Ljubljana or growing up there, and believing there are job opportunities.
Key words: migration, place attachment scale, Ljubljana, friendship, college students.
PHILOSOPHY RESEARCH
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Within traditionally religious as well as traditionally secular societies, the question of the criteria for the legitimization of moral behaviour is relatively simply answered: in the former through the concept of godlikeness (imago dei), in the latter through dignity. The post-secular merging of differences between religious and secular life therefore begs two questions: can the classical concept of human dignity, as found in the new social circumstances, still perform the function of the ultimate ethical cornerstone that legitimizes our moral actions? Or do the new circumstances call for a new foundation that would more aptly address the demands and challenges of our present times? It is my firm belief that the only meaningful solution can be brought about in directing our attention to the second possibility. By relating to Hans Küng and through critical further articulation of his basic ideas, the article attempts to develop this possibility, starting from his concept of world ethos. The article thus attempts to form a correlation between seemingly irreconcilable sacral manifestations of godlikeness on the one side and the secular representations of human dignity on the other. By doings this, it tries to stress the fruitfulness of such a synthetic approach for meeting the needs and demands of the post-secular society of 21st century.
Key words: world ethos, dignity, religion, secularity, post-secularity
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The article presents some themes of the philosophy of music that can be found in the contemporary literature. With the account on some specific themes about meaning, understanding and effects of music, mainly two fields of philosophy of music are exposed: hermeneutics and cognitive sciences. Occasionally, the work draws attention to the problematic of this field: namely, the philosophy of music mainly confines itself to the treatment of the western art classical instrumental music, and in this way fails to adopt a perspective of music as a whole. The text stresses out the meaning of the awareness about this problem and calls upon interdisciplinary studies of music that would grasp it in all its wideness.
Key words: Philosophy of music, hermeneutics, cognitive science, ethnomusicology
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The article is an attempt at a different approach to the phenomenon of language, which is – in accordance with the ancient Greek understanding, according to which being and essents not only reveal themselves in language but also form language itself – structurally cut into seven layers, which are then brought into line with seven layers of the humanity of the human being and the worldness of the world. The most extraordinary layer addressed is the meontic dimension; extraordinary also because it was for so long stubbornly neglected by the European culture. The contribution draws its inspiration from Nietzsche and Heidegger, who, each in their own way, realized how grammar determines the metaphysical quality of European thinking or how language speaks the human being.
Key words: Heidegger, Nietzsche, language, being, essent
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Article shows the actualization of philosophical paradigm of dualism in contemporary popular culture and tries to show naturalized hierarchies that are accompanying this paradigm as problematic. We draw attention to practical implications of this kind of dualism, such as discrimination of social groups or cultures, which arises from power relations, which are prescribing them status of inferiority. We try to explain the mechanism of power relations in the light of understanding the implications of a hierarchical evaluation of cultures and Eurocentrism. The core analysis is an insight into the basic binary opposition of structuralism, nature - culture, which make up the concept of Cartesian dualism. Analysis of language, content and discourse goes through popular cultural text, the Hollywood fi lm Avatar. Its high ratings and popularity are giving us example of media which has large transmission power of dualistic knowledge.
Key words: structuralism, Cartesian dualism, Avatar, dualism nature – culture, hierarchy
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The article addresses the question as to why and in what way the contemporary thinking of the difference between reality and fiction is still relevant, and why it is still of crucial importance that it is not only retained existentially, but also, if possible, consciously lived. Since the difference between reality and fiction is hardly clear and comprehensible, the study attempts to rethink this issue by way of embedding it in the diaphorical-symbolic conceptual structure, which will enable us to consider it with far less ambiguity and indistinctiveness. What, however, is the role of evil viz. the possibility of evil in this context? It is no doubt greater than it might appear at a first glance. If the relationship of reality and fiction is thought through on the background of human diaphoric-symbolic consciousness, the possibility of evil reveals itself as a specific form of sublation or abolition of the difference between reality and fiction. By transferring the traditional metaphysical and speculative framework of the treatise on evil into the context of symbolic consciousness, the article attempts to stir and encourage a critical reflection on evil on the onto-anthropological level. This task is undertaken in view of the critical encounter with Cassirrer, Plessner, Hegel and Žižek.
Key words: reality, fiction, eccentric consciousness, the symbolic, evil
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