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Anthropos 1–2 (229–230) 2013
PHILOSOPHY RESEARCH
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L'auteur cherche à résumer les grandes lignes de la querelle de deux jeunes philologues allemands. L’ état de recherche sur la naissance de la tragédie grecque vient d'être éclairci. Le raisonnement méthodologique derrière l’ouvrage de Nietzsche est expliqué. Les éléments auto-référentiels et bellettriens dans “La naissance de la tragédie à partir de l’esprit de la musique” sont mis en valeur.
Mots clés: Nietzsche, Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, philologie, tragédie grecque
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This article deals with Liang Shuming ((1893 – 1988), one of the most prominent Chinese philosophers of the 20th century. A devoted social activist, he suffered a deep psychological crisis in his early twenties. He retired from the world and devoted himself to the study and practice of Buddhism. After three years of isolation, he returned to Confucianism due to the great stimulation he had got from philosophy of unorthodox Ming dynasty Confucian scholar Wang Gen. In 1921 Liang published his major philosophical work Dongxi wenhua jiqi zhexue (Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies), in which he analyses Chinese, Indian and Euro-American streams of thought and their cultures. His social activism started during the Revolution of 1911 and continued through turbulent times of Chinese Marxism. Liang kept his original views and developed his own theories of China’s rural construction. Unlike many other Chinese philosophers, he did not take an opportunist standpoint after the Communist triumph in 1949 and has also criticised Mao Zedong himself in 1953.
Key words: Confucianism, Buddhism, Liang Shuming, Mao Zedong
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The article Dwelling in One’s Own Philosophical Edifice, subtitled Towards a Jovial supplementation of Humanism, is a problem-oriented and analytical paper on certain aspects of the work Lingering Joviality, in which the author, Janko M. Lozar, understands joviality – inter alia – as the ability for subjectivity, or even wholly developed subjectivity. Within the context of modern philosophy, Lozar mightily strives for the independence of his thought, thereby making a patently obvious attempt at grounding cognition on the basis of equally invested interest in experience and anticipation, both conceptual and pre-conceptual, of alreadybeing and not-yet-being. The work is not immune to linearity where it addresses cyclicality, eternal recurrence does not exclude progress, and the author’s frequent digressions into philosophical tradition assure us that the key topic is always and primarily us as human beings. The welfare of existence is understood as dwelling in every corner of the world, and philosophy, which is here divested of all purism, should never again – as is still evinced in most recent examples – serve as a means for the addictedness of the soul, pure theory or any kind of ideological and ultimately liberating progress.
Although Lingering Joviality does not strive for and does not want to be an alternative to what was and still remains hidden under the guise of postmodernism, it still makes the following point: “With a renewed, yet different explication of the truth of the human being, the book wants to be a serious attempt at providing the faculty of reason with still more reason, and bringing back more humanity to the human being; more than we modernists and postmodernists were so far ready to acknowledge, most probably because of the tireless fear of dying, which has successfully seen to it that that the ancient Greek high-mindedness has sunk into oblivion. By bringing man back into the open door of death and by reintroducing Aristotle’s reminder that life is good and pleasant in itself, the book encourages jovial complementation of humanism.” It does not shun from admitting self-willedness and dares to propose the following: “Eudaimonia as the highest good is the certainty of lingering joviality. An unusual phrase, no doubt: to be certain of joviality in lingering and of lingering in joviality. Most exquisite certainty of being.”
The question what to do – the traditional, i.e. ultimate question of ethics – finds its answer, though not in the very conclusion. Rather, it is the answering in progress, something I live through every moment, whether I laugh, grow angry or write in rumination. There is no subjectivity beyond joviality – it is only when we are really up to it, can we grasp the nature of fully-blooded subjectivity. And if this is the ultimate message of Lingering Joviality, we can be but grateful to Lozar for his courage in proclaiming it a bit more loudly than others. The article also particularly stresses the appeal of Lingering Joviality that we should resist the tremendous power of habit, and invites us without any reservations to learn from our own thinking what it is to think and what is philosophy itself.
Key words: serenity, joviality, immed IATe lived experience, modern subjectivism, Nietzscheanism, phenomenology, ethics, metaphysics
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This article reveals the structural similarities between the phenomenon of anxiety, the fundamental mood within Heidegger’s ontology of Dasein (Being and time), and anxious call coming from Dane Zajc’s poem “Ni te” / “You are not” (Ubijavci kač) in which he directs one towards searching a name for the end when the world will be in ruins and all that is left is one’s own bewilderment in the bewildered and deserted world.
Key words: Heidegger, Dane Zajc, phenomenon of anxiety, worldhood of the world
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
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In our research we verified the connections between the basic (self)evaluations connected with the perceived degree of own needs satisfaction and the Rokeach list of terminal and instrumental values and concluded, that there are more significant connections between the terminal values and the (self)evaluations. We define these results with the help of the models of disability acceptance, which predominantly includes the personal and the societal values; the moral values and the values of competency, which represent the instrumental values, are perceived as less expressed. In addition the analysis within the group of physically disabled persons showed that self esteem does not differ regarding the gender. We were also interested, if the perceived degree of own needs satisfaction could be differed on the basis of the participation in different supportive associations, or the use of different utilities for the assimilation of the life style.
Key words: physically disabled persons, social-value orientations, perceived degree of own needs satisfaction, self esteem.
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In all management guidance there are two common factors regarding the cultural differences: independence in making decision, action and enforcement of your own abilities. The most similar are also basic demands which stands in front of management: intelligence, ability of guiding others, striving for status and (self)-initiative. In the research, I was interested if the differences exist in preference of ´management style´ regarding declarative national citizenship and if the values in the selection of the ideal work vary depending on the category of national citizenship. Respondents have been consisted of six different groups of students (economy students, mechanical engineering students, management students, law students, sociology students and psychology students), which have been included in the survey. A total of 269 students have been questioned, of which 175 have been females and 94 males. Comprehensive and mostly originally constructed questionnaire with different sub – questionnaires was applied. The socio – value orientations are different in different groups. We came to conclusion that there are no differences among the group of students and declarative national citizenship in preferences of ´management style´ in Slovenian economics.
Key words: value orientations, values, management, management/managerial style, national citizenship, ideal choice of work, different student groups.
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In past decades, the opinions and attitudes toward the homosexuality have been changed in the developed world, especially in the Europe and North America. More recently, the legalisation of homosexual parenting including the adoption of the children became a much debated matter of controversy in its cultural, legal, moral, political and psychological aspect. The item concerning the consent with the possibility to adopt the children by the side of homosexual partners (PACHP) was included in the 2008 wave of European Study of Values (EVS), which was conducted in 47 European countries with participation of 67786 respondents. This study analysed the ratings of participants by means of different correlational and multivariate methods. The results clearly show (1) that the rated attitudes toward PACHP differ from prevalently negative to prevalently positive in different national samples, (2) that in majority, the negative attitudes prevail, (3) that essential differences occur in the variance between different national samples , (4) that the ratings of PACHP mirror the traditional, cultural, religious and economic background of the national samples, and (5) that the attitudes toward PACHP also correlate with the religiosity, conceiving the religion as a value, respect of the parents, income, wellbeing and education.
Key words: homosexuality, homosexual parenting, adoption of children, attitude, opinion
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Evolutionary theories of sexual selection argue that males choose their female partners based on their physical attributes, which reflect fertility and/or reproductive abilities and health. Men also tend to engage in more short-term relationships than women. On the other hand, women choose their male partners based on their ability to gain resources for the survival of their off spring and their partner (Buss, 1994). In this study we aimed to test these hypotheses. The results show statistically significant differences in the quantity of different sexual partners; men had more different sexual partners than women; physical attributes were more important for men, and personality attributes were more important for women. The results also show that some personality attributes were important for men as well in their mate choice, for example mutual attraction, love and dependable character/reliability.
Key words: sexual selection, differences in choosing a mate, preferences in a mate, physical attributes, personality attributes
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In general, the primary focus of our study was the intergenerational transmission of child battering. It also examined the question of whether children who are beaten at home also display a higher rate of being subjected to beating outside the family. At the level of emotional insight and understanding the dynamic of child battering, we were interested in the link between child battering and proneness to shame or proneness to externalizing shame. In examining both battering and any externalization of shame we paid attention to gender differences. The survey was responded to on a voluntary and anonymous basis by 321 individuals. These included 108 eighteen-year-old male and female students and their parents. Participation in the survey was requested of students from nine different secondary schools within the area of Ljubljana and the Gorenjska region. Information was collected by using the TOSCA-3 and TOSCA-A tests – a moderated version for secondary schools students – and questions related to beating, domestic and outside the family. Our hypothesis of a correlation between the battering of students and the higher probability of beating outside the family was confirmed. The results also reveal that more female students are beaten within the family than outside it. Also confirmed was the hypothesis that there are significant differences in the proportion of beaten children with respect to gender. Given the generation of present-day eighteen-year-olds, more boys than girls have been beaten outside the family, which was also evident in their parent’s generation. Battering, in the sense that fathers are more frequent batterers and that, proportionally, boys are more often beaten, is more strongly associated with the male gender. The results also reveal another correlation; the fathers who were themselves once battered also beat their daughters, but they beat their sons regardless of whether they used to be battered themselves or not. We cannot claim with certainty that the present generation of eighteen-year-old boys have been proportionally subjected to more battering than their fathers. Both mothers and daughters were battered at a similar rate. Although beating itself may be understood as an externalization of shame (Herbert, 1995; Real 1997), results based on the TOSCA test did not indicate any statistically significant correlations between beating and proneness to shame or beating and proneness to externalizing shame. The results confirm a statistically significant higher proneness to shame in female students whereas externalization of shame is more expressed in male students.
Key words: beating; intergenerational transmission of shame; externalization of shame; gender-related differences in beating, physical violence
STUDIES
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Author explores conditions and origins of s. c. experience of presence. Experience of presence is especially intensive lived experience that occurs under specific conditions of experience. The critical question related to it is: Under what conditions it comes around? Since all experiences are mediations between the man and the world, author explores three problems related to experience of presence: (1) Problem of psycho-symbolic conditions where the critical question is: Why are such experiences something special and why we crave for them? (2) Problem of psycho-physiological conditions, where the question is: How are such experiences psycho-physiologically structured? (3) And finally, the problem of “object of fascination” where the question is: To what amount are such experiences based in physical structure of the object itself?
Keywords: experience, presence, lived experience, experience of presence, the great experience of the unitary reality, object of fascination
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Russian culture has ceased to be literature-centric and has passed in the culture category media-centric. Mass-media is the most influential sphere of an existing modern culture. They form their own picture of the world, or a world media picture in the consciousness of the addressee. Its basic lines are separation, fragmentariness and step-type behaviour. The judgement of this fragmentariness is possible only in comparison with the Whole within the limits of the rhetorical methodological approach. Traditional central concepts of classical rhetoric – ethos, logos and pathos – can become a basis of descriptive model of a modern media picture of the world.
Keywords: a world media picture, a rhetorical modality of a media discourse, epoch of culture of a ready word, protheism of the language person of the journalist.
REVIEWS
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