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Anthropos 1-4 (193-196) 2004
ARISTOTLE'S CATEGORIES
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The investigation of the meaning of categories on the one hand relies on Aristotle's definition and use within his "logic", and on the other hand on the original meaning of words and the role of Categories in philosophical tradition. With this range of categorization in mind, we can place the doctrine of categories on the level prior to truth, to which it belongs. Despite the fact that Aristotle's logic cannot be reduced to linguistics, since it is first and foremost bound to ontology, the insight into the meaning of categorization as its ground shows evidence of its limits.
Key words: categories, logic, truth, Aristotelism, Platonism
PHILOSOPHY
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Die vorliegende Studie führt einen neuen Typus der möglichen Konzeptualisierung zweier klassischer philosophischer Begriffe ein, der Metaphysik und des Nihilismus. Ausgehend von einer diaphorischen Theorie des Menschen wird Metaphysik als diejenige symbolische Form interpretiert, die dem menschlichen Handeln in den letzten 2500 Jahren den wesentlichen formalen Rahmen verleiht, und Nihilismus als die ihr selbst innere Möglichkeit einer einseitig negativen Konkretisierung ihrer symbolischen Struktur, die allerdings schon in der Religion gegeben ist. Religion, Metaphysik und Nihilismus bedeuten drei verschiedene Stufen in der Entwicklung des diaphorischen Bewusstseins, wobei Nihilismus nicht als die Vollendung des Wesens der Metaphysik zu verstehen ist, sondern als ihre unkritische Verzerrung. Die philosophisch-anthropologische Analyse deckt das Bedürfnis nach einer Apologie der Metaphysik als symbolischer Form auf jenseits der traditionellen ideologischen Rahmen, die ihren klassischen Schulbegriff bestimmt haben.
Schlüsselwörter: diaphorisches Bewusstsein, symbolische Formen, Religion, Metaphysik, Nihilismus
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The central topic of the article is truth. Since the concept of truth is tightly interwoven with the concept of existence, the author could not avoid the consideration of the last. Through consideration of the views of several philosophers, especially those of K. Popper, F. Brentano and D. Davidson, the author developed a thesis that the theory which combines the theory of objects in a Meinongian style with the Brentanistic perspective on truth and existence, in frames of which the evidence plays a central role is an acceptable theory. He claims that the correspondence theory of truth in the sense of absolute realism is unintelligible although the relative correspondence in the sense of the correspondence of a belief/sentence to the state of affair plays a central role in our communicative or dialogic contexts (including those of ordinary or everyday life) in which also the thought of individuals is shaped. The idea of truth as a regulative idea is considered. Also at that issue we do not have to start with the idea of truth as a correspondence of the truth bearer with the reality. The idea of coming near to the view of ideal thinker is sufficient. Only if we accept the thesis that in the case of an ideal thinker we are dealing with the correspondence with the absolute reality, the claims that the view of the ideal thinker is the regulative ideal of our reflection and of the critical discussion and the claim that the truth as a correspondence of the thought with the absolute reality is the regulative ideal for the proper attitude in reflection and in discussion are equivalent.
Key words: truth, existence, evidence, ideal thinker, regulative idea
STUDIES
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The article investigates into the historical spread of Protestantism in the Austrian Carinthia with special emphasis on the occurrence of Protestantism among Carinthian Slovenes. Among Carinthian Slovenes reformation was in full swing in the 16th century and it represents the basis for the formation of the Slovene national community. The article exposes the village Zagoriče, which represents the "stronghold" of Slovenian Protestants in the Austrian Carinthia. In the village they found Slovenian Protestant texts and old manuscript copies of religious lyric and prayers. Ecclesiastical chronicle in Pliberk reports that in 1790 there were more than twenty different Protestant texts in the Slovene language, although since the beginning of the Counter-Reformation there were public burnings of Slovenian books at Bekštajn and Podklošter. For this reason we can assume that in the time of Reformation there were a great number of Slovenian books in the lower Ziljska valley. The article reveals the consequences of the Joseph's tolerance patent, published in 1781, and gradual Germanisation of Carinthian Slovenes. It also lays special interest on the phenomenon of Bukovništvo in Carinthia, which has been somewhat overlooked in Slovenia. Bukovništvo was the writing of uneducated people and in the age of national awakening in the 18th century it represented a bridge between Reformation and literature.
Key words: Protestantism, Austrian Carinthia, Bukovništvo, Carinthian Slovenes, village Zagoriče, Reformation
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The goal of our research was to establish a more precise model of successfulness of female and male sport dancers from the viewpoint of part of psychological area and in relation to some other sportsmen (athletes, skiers) and non-sportsmen of both genders. 283 individuals were included in the research and were thus compared among themselves with the one and two-way anova method according to their interpersonal skills. The comparison also took into account both their gender and their inclusion in individual groups: athletes - dancers, other sportsmen and non-sportsmen (of both genders). Most of the differences were established between the groups of sportsmen and non-sportsmen. Differences between female and male dancers show that female dancers are more emotional sensitive and they have better emotional control than male dancers. Most of the differences were established between the groups of sportsmen and non-sportsmen of both genders; non-sportsmen are acting most within social rules, they are the best in taking social roles and in self-presentation. Ability in verbal expression and social expression are most important in group of female and male dancers.
Key words: Dance, psychology, inter-personal skills, relations, top-level sports, non-sportsmen
SYMPOSIUM: PSYCHOLOGY IN INTERDISCIPLINARY CORRELATIONS
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The article presents how the organizational and psychological thoughts have been interweaving in the history and critically examines the present position of psychology in the organizational theory and practice. In the twentieth century sciences, schools of thoughts and scientific disciplines that observe and explain the organization have been more and more approaching. But we can still put the “cutting point” between them. The major source of distinction is the epistemology on which they base their descriptions and explanations. In the organizational practice the status of psychology is less clear. Psychologists exceed the typical field of psychological work; they act as organizational analysts and counselors. On the other hand, organizational practitioners from other organizational sciences are taking over and effectively sell psychological contents, approaches, and methods. The article points out some of the possible and necessary preconditions for the enforcement of the status of psychology in the field of work and organization. We can summarize them as: to wish, to know and to be able, or: the motivation, knowledge and support from its own (psychological) academic circle and practice.
Key words: organizational sciences, psychology, interdisciplinarity, theory, practice
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Socialization is an interdisciplinary term, which appears in psychology, sociology, anthropology, pedagogic, economy etc. It implies the process of social learning or social influence with the consequences on very different fields of everyday life. Actual contribution tries to pay attention to the approach, where processes of socialization are discussed “through” (interdisciplinary) connection with problems of sexual identity, globalization, psychology and sociology of life stages and different concepts of identity.
Key words: socialization, psychology, sociology, interdisciplinarism
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Psychology and anthropology are sciences investigating human behaviour. In each science this fact is connected with special hypothesis and different methodology. The article discusses methodological principles of both sciences and uses some anthropological findings to suggest them as innovations to psychology. Psychology should take into account the ontological status of culture, which determines individual's understanding of his environment, resulting in his behaviour. Methodological principles of psychology concerning cross-cultural studies should pay regard to this man-shaping matter.
Key words: psychology, anthropology, science, epistemology
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The name “T. G. Masaryk” in the title of Slovene "Association T. G. Masaryk for philosophical anthropology & ethics, for collaboration of humanistic and social sciences" is a common denominator for several phenomenon, events and persons from Slovenia, very important for its history and national identity. Section for sociopsychology and psychosocial anthropology is also a part of association. Sociopsycholgy means an attempt of interdisciplinary integration of (social) psychology and other humanistic and social sciences. It could be partially based also on the paradigm of contemporary social psychology, perceived as traditional, societal, applied, cross-cultural and anthropological. Very general contours of the possible program of sociopsychology are presented in the article. Sociopsychology was/is/ a standpoint for two additional proposals: for the foundation of the (inter)university institute for psychology and interdisciplinary studies and for inclusion of such a subject into the future program of "psychological" Eurodiploma.
Key words: Slovene Association T. G. Masaryk, sociopsychology, interuniversity institute, interdisciplinary studies, Eurodiploma.
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The article light on one of the aspects of the psychology in the law, namely the particularity of the psychological treatment of asylum seekers. Stresses and pressures, compelling an asylum seeker to seek psychological help are dealt with by the author from the time perspective in relation to the traumatic past, unsatisfying present as well as the uncertain future. In doing so, she uses mainly the findings of the existential and humanistic oriented logotherapy. The author found out that the necessity of a psychological treatment of an asylum seeker is not based on the legal justifications of his or her asylum application.
Key words: asylum seekers, psychological treatment, logotherapy
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Psychiatry belongs to medical sciences and occupies with so called Psychical and behavioural disorders (International classification of illnesses, 1995), what, by itself, already shows (at least on the level of labelling) the contradictory character of this discipline: the professionals, basically educated in medical/ biological way are supposed to occupy with the "physical". The author of the contribution is, by her basic education, the specialist of psychiatry and her associated professional orientation is systemic psychotherapy, which occupies above all with the relation between intrapsychical and social experience of the individual with the mental disorder (and also with his/her understanding of his/her mental disorder and of its attributed significance). Combination of both orientation – biomedical and psychosocial – urgently demands respectful relation to all disciplines, by which psychiatry as discipline is co – created. In the actual short contribution, the author underlines and analyses, by her perspective, collaboration between psychiatry and psychology above all in the sense of the holistic outlook to the individual with mental disorder.
Key words: psychiatry, psychology, mental disorders, holistic approach, interaction between psychology and psychiatry
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One of the important challenges for the interdisciplinary social sciences is also the analysis of the relation between (contemporary) sociology, social psychology and the field, which could be defined as sociopsychology and which is not only the combination of (social) psychology and sociology, but also the attempt, to connect social psychology with other fields of social sciences. Different thematic fields, which appear inside particular social sciences, especially in sociology and social psychology, are shortly presented. Presentation is based on the analysis of the content of three prototypical sources (two Slovenian and one English reference).
Key words: social psychology, sociology, sociopsychology, social sciences
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Sport Psychology is mostly determined as applied psychological discipline in Slovenia. Theoretically it is developed in Faculty of sport and in Faculty of arts – Department of psychology as well. Sport psychology is determined by different aspects of psychology such as clinical psychology, psychology of personality and social psychology.
Personality, combined with the sport and exercise, is the most frequently used research theme in sport psychology. A lot of attention is focused on the field of values in sport lately. I also talk about life style, connected with the sport and determined by perceived satisfaction of some psycho-social needs. Modern paradigm of social psychology in this context could be used as a "spring board" to deal with the influence of sport as whole on athlete and opposite as well.
Key words: sport, psychology, personality, values, life style
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Alenka Temeljotov-Salaj, Velko S. Rus:
Real Estates could be the Object of the Interdisciplinary Scientific Research
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The author provides a conceptual and path-dependent approach to evaluation of current state of affairs in psychological science. Rather than unveiling general laws on human nature, psychological knowledge generally identifies human beings as determined by specific socio-cultural and historical conditions. The above facts are taken into consideration by contextual approaches in social psychology. Specifically, results of interaction between comparative analysis (cross-cultural) and the historical model (of cultural changes) come close to a synthesis of generally valid (universal) knowledge. Such approach requires reinforcement of interdisciplinary research, which, in turn fosters links of the new appearing psychology with other related scientific disciplines.
Key words: psychology, social psychology, societal psychology, cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, indigenious psychology, intercultural psychology, psychological anthropology
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This contribution is concerned by psychopedagogical analysis of student´s and teacher´s motivation for learning. We differ among extern, inner and social motives. Teachers are included in the lifelong learning process because of many reasons: increasing demands for their complex professionalism, the changing school paradigm, i.e. from transmissive to transformational, increasing needs for quality teaching, the changing programmes of teacher education and the fact that school is turning into an educational institution of central importance for information society.
Teacher education partially does not follow the trend of school development in Europe nor does it follow the objectives of curricular reform (1996 – 1999). Factors positively influencing teacher education include flexible organisation of school work (in contrast with the rigid timetable system), help of colleagues, cooperation of a team of teachers teaching at the same level, understanding of the school management, possibility of extended periods of study leave, susceptibility to didactic alternatives and innovations. Nonetheless, self-motivation remains the most important factor. Transmissive model of a closed (i.e. inert) public school with familiar characteristics restrains education and learning to a large extent.
In the last ten years, the idea of a good teacher and quality teaching has considered in Slovenian school as well. The programmes of teacher education are larger and better. The motives of teachers are the acquiring of new knowledge, comprise promotion to a higher grade, achieving complex educational objectives of their own subject matter and of the school, personal growth and understanding of globalisation trends as well as active participation in making the school part of its environment and to promote themselves as intellectuals or reflective practitioners.
Key words: learning, group–based collaboration, teacher education, inner motivation, educational needs, inner motivation, transformative school, professionalism.
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Archive science is a science about archive materials and connected activities. Archive method is more and more frequently used also in "psychology". Archive materials could be saved in different codes: in the written one, graphic, photo, audiovisual etc. Work in the archive is also the work with people, above all with users (customers). Different personal characteristics could be manifested during the communication and different communication problems could appear. That's why one of the important skills is also the regulation of the conflicts between the users and employees in archive. Users are usually unsatisfactory informed about "how and what" could be done in the archive. Their perceptions could be the stereotypic ones, what is again the shortcut to the conflicts. Adequate promotion of archive work is needed. New technological solutions offer the possibilities for the formation of digital archives. This process demands special additional knowledge. Digital saving and presentation will enable everybody, being on world-wide-web, to look for target information. Special problem connecting archives is the possibility of their abuse. This problem exists also in Slovenia. That's why the ethics of archive work is specially needed.
Key words: psychology, archive science, users, personal characteristics, conflicts, digitalisation and knowledge, abuse of information, ethics of archive work
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Kristjan Verbič:
Decline of Patriarchate and Reproduction of Identities in the Perspective of Informatics Society
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With the analysis of the relation between psychology and philosophy by Piaget, Trstenjak, Veber, pre – socratics, Aristotel, apostle Paul, Kant and Scheler, the author of the article proves, that, in their works, philosophers and psychologists discover the essential thinkful connection between psychology and philosophy, if they investigate higher levels of psychology of human being with the immanent dialectic method and with the holistic perception of the open human wholeness and without any ideological dogmatism. Author shows, that he has, analyzed in detail the interrelations of higher psychical levels in his completely original philosophical system , which is developed in all philosophical disciplines and which has, for the basis, the first systematic analysis of the general structures of the creative acts on all the fields of human activity (also in moral, art and science); the center of this structure is for the first time analyzed by the author as imagination/conceiving and in essential difference form the notional recognition and fantasy.
Key words: psychology, philosophy, higher physical levels, human wholeness, immanent scientific dialectic, holistic and genetic approach, dogmatism, ideology, Piaget, Trstenjak, Veber, pre – socratic, Aristotel, apostle Paul, Kant, Scheler, Rudi Supek.
VALUES
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Tolerance is one of the most important meta-values in human civilization. The aim of the present study is a thorough investigation of relationships between tolerance, other values, religiosity, and political orientation. A number of correlation and multivariate analyses have been carried out including the testing of different multivariate causal models concerning the variables being under investigation. The results showed that tolerance is mostly connected to the category of democratic (societal), traditional and cognitive values belonging thus to the moral and apollonian broader categories of values. Additionally, according to our analyses, the tolerance is significantly correlated with both religiosity (religious subjects being more tolerant) and political orientation (centrists, right oriented and undecided being more tolerant than left oriented). Nevertheless, as discriminant analysis showed, religiosity and political orientation interact in relation to the tolerance. Thus, the combination of leftism and strong religiosity as well as combination of rightist political orientation and non-religiosity resulted in radical decrease in tolerance. Values and value categories have also eminent predictive power in relation to the tolerance explaining more than 25 percent of the variance in the ratings of the tolerance. Structural equation modelling (path analyses) showed the validity of causal model that hypothesized a direct influence of apollonian value-orientation on religiosity and tolerance, and also a direct influence of religiosity on political orientation, as well as a causal influence of the political orientation on tolerance. The overall results are discussed in the light of the major theoretical viewpoints (psychological theories of values, religiosity and political behaviour) that explain the role of values, religiosity and political orientation in the formation of the tolerance. Finally, a more precise insight into the nature of the political intolerance and extremism could be made on the basis of our results.
Key words: Tolerance, religiosity, values, value-orientations, political orientation, political extremism
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Spiritual, transcendental and religious experience has been extremely important in all cultures and ages since the early stages of human history. This experience has also been the subject of psychological interest from the beginnings of modern psychology. Nevertheless, the truly scientific research of spirituality has a very short tradition. In the past decade, the concept of spiritual intelligence attracted the attention of some psychologists. They tried to define and operationalise the construct of spiritual intelligence as well as to develop the measures of the construct. In the present study we aimed to investigate the relationship between the spiritual intelligence (SI, measured by the special questionnaire) and the values or value orientations (measured by MLV). The results of the study showed substantial correlations between values and spiritual intelligence, the highest being between religious values and spiritual intelligence. The values explain about 45 percent of the variance in the spiritual intelligence indicating thus a remarkable predictive effect. The religious values alone explain more than 30 percent of the variance in the spiritual intelligence. On the other side, the spiritual intelligence accounts for about 70 percent of the variance in the religious values. The results of our study confirmed thus the connection between the values and spiritual intelligence, and, moreover, the results also indicate that the spiritual intelligence includes a component of religiosity, and, vice versa, the religiosity includes the components of spirituality. Structural equation model (SEM) analyses confirmed the existence of a single “general” factor in the most salient items of SI questionnaire. It seems that this factor could be measured in a very economic and parsimonious way. SEM analyses also definitely confirm the complex causal links between value orientations and spiritual intelligence. The results of the study are in concordance with the notion that the construct of spiritual intelligence is based on the human competence related to a wide spectrum of cognitive and conative dimensions. Therefore, it would be probably more reasonable to speak of spirituality or spiritual competence instead of spiritual intelligence.
Key words: Values, value orientations, religious values, spirituality, spiritual intelligence, religiosity
PERSONALITY, SELF-IMAGE, IDENTITY
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Two basic approaches in investigating personality characteristics in different developmental periods are presented in this contribution, i.e. the variable-centred and person-centred approach. There is a growing consensus among the researchers that the five robust personality dimensions represent the basic personality characteristics accounting for individual differences in different developmental periods. These broad dimensions are the prime targets of the recent person-centred or typological studies. Both of these approaches account for explanation and prediction of behavioural differences among individuals, each of them from its own specific perspective. These contributions are presented in the context of the results of most recent studies with the main focus on typological ones. A review of the results shows that the basic personality dimensions are functionally related into three replicable personality organisations or types, i.e. resilient, over controlled and under controlled, and that they emerge at least at the beginning of early childhood. Each of these personality types is associated with specific concurrent and longitudinal behavioural measures, which appear to be similar across different developmental periods. It is concluded that person-centred and variable-centred approaches are not incompatible, while some open-ended questions regarding future directions in personality research are high lightened.
Key words: five-factor model, personality dimensions, person-centred approach, personality types, replicability studies
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Under the influences of the social environment, boys and girls learn their sex roles, specific rules and values from the early childhood. They grow up in the world of clear sexual duality. In their effort to act "right" they adopt the widespread conceptions and develop their self-image: behaviour, emotion, and the role that each of them connects with his/her own self, in accordance with the accepted image of male and female. In the comparative study, we tried to determine how fourteen-year-old schoolboys and schoolgirls in Slovene, Austrian and Croatian primary schools evaluate the field of activities in one’s free time, home and schoolwork, and personal traits, characteristics and conduct. The study gives important information about the image of schoolboys and schoolgirls in seventh grade. It reveals that the girls’ answers are closely related to the sexual tendency of self-image and the image of the opposite sex.
Key words: pupils, field of activities, free time, home and schoolwork, personal traits, characteristics, stereotypes.
EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
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This article is an interpretation of results of the evaluation study The Significance of New Learning, Thinking and Teaching Styles in Order to Ease the Burden on Pupils in Nine-year Schools. The objective of this study has been to find out to what extent the Slovene nine-year school implements the transformational model by making use of the new teaching, thinking and learning styles in comparison with the eigh-year primary school. Our observations of teaching have been partly confirmed the hypotheses of the influence of teaching styles of teachers on thinking and learning styles of pupils on the sample of three eight-and nine-year schools. A lot of factors influence on teacher’s choice of the teaching styles. The method used has been after only, making use also of the comparison of the observations of the teaching at three eight-year schools and three nine-year schools on the spot at the three chosen subject areas (i. e. mathematics oz physics, the Slovene or English language, history or geography) as well as of interviews and the questionnaires for teachers and pupils. Both primary schools are transmissive with some elements of the transformative paradigm of school.
The result of the research shows that in the nine-year school the focus has turned in the last triad from the teaching that suits best the teacher and learning-content oriented curriculum to the teaching suited best to the pupils' interests, experiences and learning styles based on the objectives of the process oriented curricula. However, not so many differences have been observed in using of the learning and thinking styles of pupils and teaching styles of teachers of the nine-year school as it could be expected.
Key words: teaching styles, thinking styles, learning styles, eight-year primary school, nine-year primary school, teacher, pupil, transmissive school paradigm, transformative school paradigm.
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While the research on early bilingualism mostly discusses the role of the parents in the active bilingual development of their child within the family circle, the present study focuses on the role of the parents in the language development from the receptive to the productive knowledge of a minority language of a bilingual child in the kindergarten. The research included children who at the age of three – when they started attending a kindergarten with the Slovene medium of instruction in the province of Trieste – actively used Italian, i.e., the majority code, while they only had a receptive knowledge of Slovene. The role of the parents in the language acquisition process of their child is discussed within a psychoanalytical theoretical framework. The observation method follows Esther Bick’s Tavistock Model (1964), which is based on the baby-infant observation method. The collected data indicate the possibility that during the language acquisition process the child’s individual characteristics may intertwine with those of the internalised parental couple. The internalised parental characteristics a) affect the learning process and the use of Slovene, and b) in the kindergarten assume a power of input in other children’s language choices during free peer play, which is greater than the mere competence reached in the single code. In relation to the possible reasons why the teachers do not manage to alter the attitude of the parents toward the use of the Slovene language, the results reveal the emotional nature of the parents’ needs, which are interlinked with their own history and internal conflicts, and their need to preserve the balance that is functional to their own psyche and family. The results of the study emphasise the importance of the psychological intergenerational transmission of the role that the language(s) play(s) within the ambit of majority-minority relations, also during free peer play.
Key words: early bilingualism, sequential acquisition of the minority language, impact of the internalised parental couple on the language acquisition process, infant observation based on Esther Bick’s model, intergenerational language transmission.
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Metacognition belongs to higher-order mental processes and enables us to control and plan our own mental activities. It has important effect on cognitive performance in children and adults. Metacognition leads us in selection and evaluation of cognitive tasks, in detection of mistakes in the solving process, in choosing goals and solving strategies.
It was our aim in this research to investigate developmental differences in some metacognitive variables in problem-solving: metacognitive experiences and matacognitive knowledge. In the research participated 80 subjects of two different age groups: 40 nine to ten years old and 40 thirteen to fourteen years old subjects. They solved two well-defined and two ill-defined problems. After every problem they had to solve a metacognitive statements questionnaire.
Results showed us that the main difference between the groups occurred in the field of metacognitive knowledge about problems, while metacognitive experiences seem to function quite accurate already in earlier years.
Key words: metacognition, development, solving problems
PSYCHO-SOCIAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL ISSUES
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Aggression or aggressiveness - a phenomenon that may occupy our attention to the drive same as human sexuality or even more, has been accompanied with strong taboos. In many aspects libido and aggression are opposed as the life and death itself, as love and hatred, good and evil. It seems as if the aggressiveness may only be destructive, connected to the affect, and in the other extreme of constructive behaviour or positive affect. However, research work during last thirty years supports the different idea. Aggressiveness may primarily be non-destructive and non-affective force, the need for mastery, assertiveness, self recognition and individuation. Connected to massive feelings of displeasure it may become destructive and affective.
Key words: Aggression, Aggressiveness, Psychoanalytic Theory.
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Eating (chewing, swallowing, excretion of consumed food) and starving as a potential means of addiction stimulate the excretion of endorphines and enable the transformation of consciousness. The research was done on a sample of 622 high school students in Maribor to determine the appearance of indicators of eating addictions and their connection to certain social and family factors.
5% of the students indicated a developed eating addiction (ratio male:female 1:14), 33.6% showed a significant potential (ratio male:female 1:2). The quality of interactions and the availability of someone to confide in within the family proved more important protecting factors than the structure of the family.
7.5% of the students estimated their body weight as too high (9.9% male and 32.5% female) and 7.9% as too low (12.5% male and 58% female). There is a established connection between dissatisfaction with body weight and the absence of someone for the subject to confide in, subburbia as the place of living, critical material conditions of the family, low/unknown education level of the mother, ways of coping with crises associated with lonliness and with poorly developed positive values.
Restrictive body weight regulation was reported by 4.8%, purgative by 0.5%, alternating restrictive and purgative behaviors by 0.5% and simultaneous restrictive and purgative behaviors by 0.3% of students.
2.6% of students (0.5% male and 3.6% female) reported undergoing or having undergone treatment for eating disorder, while perception of the need for treatment was expressed by 4.8% (3.6 % male and 5.3% female).
Eating addictions are an external compensative attempt to satisfy the immanent human need for meaning. An individualised consumer society makes it possible for young people to have a fragmented identity and places them under constant pressure to be productive and choose among many (formally) open possibilities. Young people tend to experience these risks as individual crises and not as structural conditions of society, and this is a significant force underlying the functionality of addictive behaviors.
Keywords: behavioral addictions, eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, compulsive eating, consumer society, family, high school students
TOPICAL
IN MEMORIAM
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Mario Kopić:
Jacques Derrida – adieu
REVIEWS
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