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Anthropos 3–4 (219–220) 2010
FRANCE VEBER
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Veber’s philosophy is portrayed first. Three questions concerning theory of objects are posed then: the overall status of objects, irrealist interpretation of theory of morals, and question about the irreal Gestalt as an aesthetic object.
Keywords: Veber’s philosophy, Meinong’s theory of objects, irrealist interpretation of morals, the aesthetic irreal Gestalt.
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ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER
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Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Philosophie Schopenhauers vornehmlich im Bezug auf seine Auff assung und Begründung der Moral. Wie ein roter Pfaden zieht sich die Problematik der Ethik durch seine Philosophie, welche gleichzeitig mit den anderen Teilen der Philosophie verflochten ist, deshalb bildet im Grunde genommen die Schopenhauersche Metaphysik und Ethik ein Eins. Solch eine Ethik has als Folge die Frage nach dem Wert des Lebens, von welcher es auch abhängt ob wir den Willen zum Leben bejahen oder verneinen. Weil Schopenhauer ein Philosoph ist dem seine Verschworenheit der Wahrheit einen Leitsatz darstellt, ist sein Denken mit fundamentalen Beobachtungen der Welt und dem Lernen aus dem Buch des Lebens, auch dann, wenn er sich mit der Ethik befasst, gekennzeichnet. Seine Philosophie hebt hervor die problematische Position in welcher sich die Ethik findet, wenn sie den Blick von Gefüge und Verlauf nicht abwenden will, sondern sich mit ihm gegenüberstellt.
Schlüsselwörter: Arthur Schopenhauer, Ethik, Wille, Bejahung des Lebens, Verneinung des Lebens.
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In the essay, the author presents the unique approach to world religions by Arthur Schopenhauer. His thought is presented through the lens of comparative religiology. He finds the origin of Judaism in Zoroastrianism and treats Christianity as a forced ammalgamation of Judaism and Eastern thought. He also labels religions as either optimistic or pessimistic and claims that one should regard religion in an allegorical sense by which he denies both, the rational and the supernatural views on religion.
Key words: Schopenhauer, comparative religiology, Christianity, Judaism, Bible
ETHICS
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The ethics in education for sustainable development is an indicative question which poses moral philosophy to itself with purpose for being able to understand better the relation between nature and society and to co-shape patterns of thinking and handling (being active) in a time which is very laden with unfriendly relation with environment – human and natural as well – and when the humanity in great trouble is facing with the fact that it should limit its wants. The article discusses all of three themes of the title: ethics, education / learning, and sustainable development, namely like that the ethics which has a relative priority in this text could face with new knowledge on human which grows within natural and social sciences. We proceed out of the assumption that the ethics – moral philosophy – should ask itself what is the impact of the new knowledge on it that it could develop framework for regulating research and educational work and give its part on the field of complex encounter between natural and social sciences as well as humanities.
Key words: ethics, education/learning, research, socially constructed knowledge, sustainable development, environmental denial
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Within traditionally religious as well as traditionally secular societies, the question of the criteria for the legitimization of moral behaviour is relatively simply answered: in the former through the concept of godlikeness (imago dei), in the latter through dignity. The post-secular merging of differences between religious and secular life therefore begs two questions: can the classical concept of human dignity, as found in the new social circumstances, still perform the function of the ultimate ethical cornerstone that legitimizes our moral actions? Or do the new circumstances call for a new foundation that would more aptly address the demands and challenges of our present times? It is my firm belief that the only meaningful solution can be brought about in directing our attention to the second possibility. By relating to Hans Küng and through critical further articulation of his basic ideas, the article attempts to develop this possibility, starting from his concept of world ethos. The article thus attempts to form a correlation between seemingly irreconcilable sacral manifestations of godlikeness on the one side and the secular representations of human dignity on the other. By doings this, it tries to stress the fruitfulness of such a synthetic approach for meeting the needs and demands of the post-secular society of 21st century.
Key words: world ethos, dignity, religion, secularity, post-secularity
INTIMACY AND PARTNER RELATIONSHIPS
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The aim of this study was to find out, if and how self-disclosure in relationships with intimate partners and one’s feelings of happiness are related as well as which areas of self-disclosure are related to one’s feelings of happiness the most respectively the less.
Results showed that in general participants were willing to self-disclose in relationships with intimate partners and were generally very happy, regardless of their sex, age and years being in relationship with intimate partner. Willingness to self-disclose and one’s feeling of happiness correlate positively.
Analysis of means of answers about willingness to self-disclose and correlation coefficients between pairs of variables showed three areas of self-disclosure, that differ from each other according to the degree of expressed willingness of participants to self-disclose about them in relationship with intimate partner, that is according to how delicate the question is when raised in relationship with intimate partner. Results show that the less delicate questions about which the participants are also most willing to self-disclose about, are not related with one’s feelings of happiness. One’s feelings of happiness correlate with more delicate questions where participants expressed typically lower willingness to self-disclose. The correlation is the highest when self-disclosure refers to more sensitive subject of (social) self and acceptance and, to issues of romantic-sexual nature.
Key words: relational communication and self-disclosure, social penetration model, relationship with intimate partner, feelings of happiness.
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In our research we assumed that love styles (Love Attitudes Scale – LAS) significantly account for variation in intimacy (the intimacy scale of Sternberg Triangular Theory of Love Scale – STLS) and satisfaction in romantic relationships (Couples Relationship Inventory – CRI). Our results gathered on the sample of 136 participants with the mean age of 28 years confirmed our hypothesis. Contrary to our expectations Eros was the only love style that significantly accounted for variation in intimacy and relationship satisfaction. This could be the result of high correlations between Eros and some other love styles. Our results have shown similar outcomes as some other studies in which authors argued that intimacy and relationship satisfaction are often understood as the same constructs. We also tried to verify if similar connections between the variables already shown in previous studies can be confirmed on the Slovenian sample.
Key words: intimacy, love styles, satisfaction in romantic relationships
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
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We assume that issues like uncertainty, misery, feeling of disconnection are imminent in high risk societies and that the modern social structure creates individuals whose identities lack clarity and stability, which manifests itself in the form of diverse emotional hardships and which makes modern personal hardships a sociological, aggregate phenomenon. The following article will use the Theory of choice, upon which the Reality Psychotherapy is founded, as an interpretative tool to explain the emergence of psychological crisis. By applying some of the processes typical of the late modern era and man’s biological evolution to the constructs of the Theory of choice this article will try to answer the research query how, in the light of the given biological properties, concepts and perceptions of modernity and the pertaining psychological crisis, a person should find the path to self-actualization and restoration of mental health. We redirect the research attention from the predominant question ‘What is a man?’ to the neglected ‘Who is a man?’ with his social existence thus questioning the cardinal psychology and presenting the notion that another psychological approach may also have merit- the Psychology of the personal freedom.
Key words: postmodern high-risk society, mental health, universal psychology, the theory of choice, reality psychotherapy
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This article aims to develop a coherent conceptual apparatus that can serve as a point of departure for understanding social psychological phenomena. The purpose of this article is not to explain the causes or the motivation behind social interaction, but to describe the fundamental quality that we can recognize as the common denominator of all social psychological phenomena. I register this quality on the suture of communication process, which I conceptualize as the dynamics of reciprocal recognition of individual act meaning in a given intersubjective situation. Using conformity as an example, I demonstrate the general role and mechanism of conventionalization and intentionality that support every communication act if it is to have meaning. I also demonstrate the specific effects in the relations between the participants of a communication process that the recognition of a specific meaning can have in a specific intersubjective situation.
Key words: Social psychological phenomenon, communication process, meaning, intersubjectivity.
PEDAGOGIC RESEARCH
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The paper puts forward an analysis of these new roles, competencies and styles of teachers. Different features of youth generations of rebellions, X, Y and today’s youth are analysed. Students need good learning conditions, flexible use of teaching styles, evolving educational models (involving requests, awards/praises, and punishments/reprimands); they need to reflect on their own educational style, develop their own professionalism and good dialogical communication.
Teachers’ relation to their students has been analysed as a continuation of parents’ relation to children and as a special case of interpersonal relationship based on non-violent communication. The most important conditions for overcoming pupil’s learning difficulties encountered in increasing school demands for acquiring knowledge and competencies are empathetic upbringing in family and school, high level of social support, democratic dialogue and strong pupil’s self-image. The paper compares also the Slovene and Finnish schools. In Finnish schools students accept responsibility for their school results to a greater extent than in the Slovene ones.
Keywords: educational model, communication, professional competencies, teachers’ roles, teacher training.
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This article analyses Narcissism as a functional social characteristic of consumer capitalism. Firstly, personal and social background of Narcissism is defined from a theoretical point of view. Secondly, changes in socialisation of individuals in post-industrial consumer society are pointed out to. Due to these changes permissive educational techniques within the family and school socialisation process have been favoured, which has - in parallel to the declining parental authority – caused an increase in individuals’ narcissists features.
The second, empirical part of the study shows how the school, the key institution of cultural transmission, shapes this narcissistic culture by favouring permissive educational praxis, contrary to its expected role. The article attempts to show how changes in educational system favour permissiveness and therefore influence the development of narcissist features of the growing-up youth. The empirical part of the study is supported by the data gathered through anthropological fieldwork.
Key Words: Narcissism, Narcissistic Society, Consumer Society, Permissive Education, Socialization, School Reform in Slovenia
PHILOSOPHY RESEARCH
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In this paper I explain Plato’s epistemological problematic, which is developed around his inquiry into the Greek notion of epistéme. Plato’s intention to give an explanation of real, trustworthy and undoubtable knowledge, which is equal to truth, is mostly expressed in his dialogues Theaitetus, Meno and Timaeus, of which the first is the most systematical and exact about the object of inquiry. In this paper, I take all three dialogues under careful consideration. While analysing Plato’s grounding real knowledge, which he attends by searching for potential candidates to fi this notion of epistéme, it soon becomes clear that the meaning of the theory of ideas is of great meaning for his construction and explanation of what truly knowledge is. This is something what is felt through the background of his dialectic, which is developed in the core of his dialogues. The theory of the world of ideas, where the only real epistéme is to be found, what is in the reach of our thinking, possessing logos, is backed up by a theory of recalled memory, called anámnesis.
Key words: knowledge, opinion, sensory experience, epistemology, Plato, theory of ideas
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From The Origins of Totalitarianism the author highlighted the main arguments, analysed them and compared them to the understanding of totalitarianism of various political theoreticians. She clarified the Hannah Arendt’s understanding of concept of totalitarianism that sought its origins in elements such as anti-Semitism, imperialism and racism. It is pointed out that Arendt regarded totalitarianism as an entirely new political system in which the basic experience is human loneliness and powerlessness, and for which is essential that it strives to change human nature and degrade human as a person. Hannah Arendt’s theory maintains its modernity because it reminds of the danger of destruction of a human’s spontaneity in a world where global forces are still attempting to establish the world as they want.
Keywords: totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt, imperialism, anti-Semitism, Nazism, Stalinism.
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