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Anthropos 3-4 (203-204) 2006
PHILOSOPHY
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The article deals with some moral dilemmas in philosophy of contemporary analitical philosopher John Harris. The philosopher could be to placed among consequentialism and ameliorism. His beliefs are extremely liberalistic and they are in their essence unancceptable to religious readers, whether male and female. As a researcher of modern bioethics he permits various operations on human body and the processes, which help to preserve a human life. In the philosophy of John Harris there is a domination of humanism, but some of his judgment are rather exclusive.
Key words: ethics, moral dilemmas, consequentialism, ameliorism, liberalism
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Heidegger attempted to conceive philosophy anew and tried to provide a new way of philosophizing. Whether he succeeded or not is hard to say. In any case to walk along his path is an interesting experience. Acquiring the phenomenological manner of research and adopting its maxim "Back to the things themselves", his path took him to a revival of the question of being. To do this, he was obliged to reveal the hermeneutic structure of human Dasein and it was this discovery that enabled him to undermine the traditional epistemological-theoretical scheme of human being as the subject. What did Heidegger have in mind here? Why is it that philosophy is no longer conceivable as absolute and strict science? Why should philosophical logos be determined as hermeneutical?
Key words: phenomenology, question of being, hermeneutical logos, ontology
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One of the key and – due to its controversiality – most interesting notions appearing in Early Romantic aesthetics is "New Mythology". It is included in two central texts of Early Romanticism, i.e. the fragmentary text by an anonymous author The Oldest System of German Idealism from 1795–1796, and in Friedrich Schlegel’s Speech on Mythology from 1800. Both texts emphatically and metaironically demand a "new mythology" and in both texts this demand is formulated within the context of aesthetic treatises. This paper aims at a reconstruction of the presupposition of including mythological discourse into the aesthetics of Early Romanticism from the perspective of the history of ideas, contributing to a better understanding of this crucial syntagm in one of the most productive periods of spiritual history.
Key words: Friedrich Schlegel, Early Romanticism, New Mythology, aesthetics
PSYCHOLOGY
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Slovene psychology was formed in its basic orientation relatively lately, i.e. only after 1945. Its founders are three university professors: Mihajlo Rostohar, Anton Trstenjak and Zoran Bujas. It is true that we had psychological writers and practitioners before (e.g. F. Veber, K. Ozvald and V. Schmidt, and in the previous century F. Lampe), but they cannot be said to have influenced Slovene contemporary psychology in any crucial aspects. The paper presents these three major figures of Slovene psychology, their common features and differences, as well as their life and work.
Key words: Rostohar, Trstenjak, Bujas, Slovene psychology
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In this research we wanted to examine the gender differences in self-image, selfesteem and some unwholesome behaviours (alcohol consumption, cigarette and marihuana smoking, overeating at a meal, television watching and computer use in spare time) in Slovenian adolescents. We used Offer Self-image Questionnaire for adolescents, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and Unwholesome behaviour Questionnaire that was made for the purpose of this research. In the research participated 392 high school students, aged around 15 and 18 years, approximately evenly represented by gender and age. Data was attained in class groups. The results show that boys have higher self-esteem and more positive self-image on all three areas of psychological self (impulse control, emotional tone and body self-image), on sexual attitudes and on psychopathology (the coping self). Girls have better self-image on two areas of social self (morals and vocationaleducational goals). The differences in social relationships, the family self, mastery of the external world and superior adjustment were not statistically significant. On four of six unwholesome behaviours boys act unhealthier than girls (alcohol consumption, marihuana smoking, television watching and computer use in spare time). The gender differences in cigarette smoking and overeating at a meal were not statistically significant.
Key words: gender differences, self-image, self-esteem, unwholesome behaviours, adolescents
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The contribution addresses the issue of the present culture of learning, which is, according to the author, determined by technology. The first part introduces the basic features of metaphysics, which finds its final realization in modern technology. It tackles the basic structure of metaphysics, traces of which can be found also in contemporary theory of education. The second part analyses the culture of learning from the perspective of technology. The essence of technology is nothing technical. The essence of technology cannot be constrained by means of technology. The paper aims at presenting the theoretical and practical grounds for the prevailing culture of leaning without presenting a certain theory of education in its entirety.
Key words: pedagogy, theory of education, culture of learning, modern science, essence of technology
GENDER RELATIONS, FAMILY AND PARTNERSHIP
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Findings of behavioural genetic studies show, that environmental factors that have the strongest effect on child development are those which make siblings in the same family different from one another, i.e. environmental influence of primary importance is not shared by members of the same family. Child specific experiences within the family include also parental differential treatment. This concept describes the behaviour of parents towards one of their children as compared to their behaviour towards child’s sibling. This parental behaviour is related to certain characteristics of their children’s development, e.g. their social adjustment and sibling relationship, though these relations are predominantly low and indirect. Parental differential treatment is not necessarily a negative process in the family, as it can reflect parental sensitivity to individual differences between their children. Also, the effects of parental differential treatment on child development are most probably negative only if it is extremely pronounced and consistent across members of the family system. The size of parental differential treatment as well as its correlates depend also on characteristics of both children (e.g. gender, personality characteristics) and family context. In addition, at least in middle childhood and adolescence, child/adolescent perceptions of parental differential treatment as fair or unfair seem to play more important role in child/adolescent development than the size of such parental behaviour.
Key words: parental differential treatment, non-shared environment, children's social adjustment, sibling relationship, perceived fairness
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The contribution has focused on personality characteristics of pre-school children with problems in three domains of social adaptation within the pre-school context, i.e. social competence, internalising and externalising behaviour. Mothers, fathers and pre-school teachers rated three-year-olds’ personality characteristics using the Inventory of Child Individual Differences (Halverson et al., 2003).The teachers also reported on social adjustment of these children employing the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation Scale (LaFreniere et al., 2001) which enables an identification of children with problems in social competence, internalising and externalising behaviour. The procedure was repeated one year later when the children were four years old. The data was analysed following the trait- and the child-centred approach. The results suggest that social adaptation problems in three-year-olds are predominantly transitional and that the child's age of entry to pre-school contributes to problem behaviour, especially to internalizing problems. The findings also show differential associations between children's personality characteristics (at the trait as well as at the type level) and their problem behaviour in pre-school. The relations within the same context (preschool) were stronger and longitudinally more consistent than were the links across contexts (home, pre-school) and the associations obtained from the childcentred approach were weaker than those revealed by the trait-centred approach. In general, three- and four-year-olds who were perceived more disagreeable by their parents and teachers exhibited more externalising problems than their more agreeable peers, while the three- and four years old children scoring low on extraversion and high on neuroticism displayed more internalising problems in comparison to their more extraverted and emotionally stable age mates. Low social competence was also suggested in children who were, compared to their counterparts, rated as less conscientious-open and less extraverted-emotionally stable by their teachers.
Key words: pre-school children, personality dimensions, personality types, social competence, internalising problems, externalising problems
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What determines religious attitude of young couples who prepare for marriage and what influence does this attitude have on their choice of partner? The current study examined potential predictors in their families-of-origin including frequency of church attendance, emotional closeness, reasons given by parents for church attendance, perceived parental religiosity and parents' attitude towards Catholic marriage, and compared them with various aspects of current religious life of young couples. 84 couples, attending a group for premarital counselling in Ljubljana, participated in the study. Religiosity and religious practices of young adults correlate positively with parental faith and religiosity, and with readiness of young adults to transmit faith to next generation. Positive correlation was found also between perceived deep faith in parents and perceived deep faith in partner. No similar findings, however, were made for couples with different religious attitudes. The article discusses implications for the processes that underlie intergenerational transmission of values and are hypothesized to be multilayered in nature, and potential causes of religious-based conflict in couples.
Key words: intergenerational transmission of values, religious values, engaged couples, PreCana marriage program.
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The starting point of the text are the rules, offered by the books The Rules – selfhelp books, of which the first, published in the middle of 90ies of the 20th century, i.e. in the time of so-called postmodern, postpatriarchal society in its (untill now) last form, in the USA, has caused the whole worldwide movement, that is today as strong as it has never been before. It is a matter of rules, of which the basic premise is, that a man is a subject (transcendence, freedom, activity), and a woman is a subject, that is an object for the male subject (imanence, non-freedom, pasivity), but which notwithstanding differs from the oldfashioned rules from the past. In other words: it is a matter of returning to the patriarchal which is not simply that. What is, actually, the difference between the rules, offered by The Rules, and the oldfashioned rules from the past, and what is the difference between the relation of today's woman (and today's man) to the former, and the relation of woman (and man) from the past to the latter? Looking more broadly: what has happened with rules of civilization and good manners, regulating the relations between sexes, today, in the time, when the majority does not believe in father's (man's) authority, how have they changed, and what has happened with man's or woman's relation to these rules? The text attempts to answer to these questions. In this frame, the mentioned rules are also looked at from two points of view: the one of the (critic of) Foucault's contribution to the critic of modern society in the Surveillance and punishment, and the one of the lacanian psychoanalysis...
Key words: postmodern society, postpatriarchal society, subjectivity, civilization and good manners, father's authority, relationships between sexes, Lacan, lacanian psychoanalysis, simbolic identification, Foucault, critic of Foucault, discipline, disciplinary practises
ANTROPOLOGY
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The article focuses on the hermeneutic methodology developed by American cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz. Particular attention is paid to the three topic: first, on Geertz articulation of hermeneutic methodology in the field of anthropological research and in a connection with his critical reflection of cognitive anthropology and ethnography; second, his strategy in redefining relation between men and culture and third, to some aspect of application hermeneutic anthropology on research of religions. Final part presents some critical argumentation from the point of adherents of other anthropological schools, but it also shows an new applications of Geertz methodology considering researches of alternative groups, movements and traditions in euro-american societies. Geertz's approach is interpreted as a example of tolerant, nonpreconceptional research on life world of people from different cultures and religions, that is, as approach which has potential for development of altruistic perspective in science.
Key words: hermeneutical methodology, cultural anthropology, anthropology of religion
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A relevant question is emphasized: the meaning of relativistic premises in the process of elaborating theoretical framework. Relativism is interpreted as a tool of argumentation, where limitations of adequate and advised are dwelled upon a fact of openness and indetermination. To understand relativism, absolutism is advocated as realism (Harré and Krausz). Adequately demonstrated arguments pro relativism must stand firmly within a certain affirmation: to defend relativism one must be absolutist at lest in moral or ethical questions.
Key words: relativism, ratio, imagination, anthropology, philosophy of science
HISTORY
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The starting point of the contribution is the intersection of individual and collective memory in the case of Bela krajina and the events of WW2. It is followed by a presentation and analysis of existing sources used in the MA thesis, as well as their theoretical background. The basic claim of the article is to show the influence of socio-political collectives and society as a whole on the individual, and to indicate the strand or guidelines in historiography which could offer the most thorough answers to the question of the development of social entities.
Key words: historiography, Bela krajina, individual memory, collective memory, historization of memory
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Answering the question what is Spain was at the end of the 19th century the main preoccupation of all those who were concerned about its future and existence. Ancien Régime was over and the State had to deal with its legacy: conflicts of the internal politics, civil wars, underdeveloped economy and poor, ignorant society. In Europe, the liberal ideology introduced new conceptions of national reality according to which the old Spanish monarchy needed to adjust to survive as a modern European nation-state. The economical and political circumstances were weakening the attempts of the nationalization of masses or even preventing it. Spain had to confront itself; it lost the rests of the once glorious empire in the precise moment when the other European forces were dominating the world. All together evoked a profound crisis in the Spanish collective consciousness yet the majority of intellectuals didn’t concentrate on transforming and developing the country but on searching the (lost) national identity. The article tries to elaborate the invention of some other, ideal Spain the Spanish society (nation) in the moments of crisis could identify with. In this process was predominant the invention of the Spanish folk as a barer of the purest moral values, the true essence of the nation and the distinctive spirit. The latter, as it was believed, reflected in the national (Castile) landscape, which was at that time also the subject of a moral and spiritual reevaluation.
Key words: Spanish society, national identity, 19th – 20th century, folk, landscape
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