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Anthropos 3–4 (243-244) 2016
PHILOSOPHY STUDIES
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The knowledge or science of “metaphysical anthropology” of different
religious traditions explores the subtle, spiritual, non-physical dimension of
the human mind and body, as a precondition for the mystical experience,
unification or realization of the one, nondual reality. This paper explores
some examples of this traditional knowledge, focusing particularly on specific
streams within Western and Islamic traditions. It attempts to show how a
theory of the spiritual dimension of human nature and the living spiritual
traditions of different cultures are relevant and epistemologically valid in
the modern “age of criticism”.
Key words: subtle physiology, nonduality, spirituality of light, Sufism, Western Mysticism
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This article wants to demonstrate the contrast between Nietzsche’s Dionysus as the “personification” of the will to power and the Girard’s Crucified as its opposite. Initially it outlines the influence of Greek philosophical tradition on Nietzsche, and exposes Nietzsche’s critique of Christianity as the “Platonism for the people”, presenting his will to power as the solution to “European nihilism”. The second part of the article is focused on Girard‘s philosophy; his concept of mimetic desire in relation to violence and sacrificial atonement; the case of Greek myth of Dionysus, to whom Girard finds opposition in the Crucified. The latter, with his denunciation of the desire for revenge, interrupted the cycle of violence, which is according to Girard the essence of Dionysian will to power.
Key words: Nietzsche, Girard, will to power, violence, Dionysus, the Crucified
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The paper deals with the problems arising from the separation of the political
science and political philosophy in the modern era. While the subject of political philosophy is focused on the domain of human, justice, freedom and morality, political science (theory) as a positive theory of society and politics, has been built up on the base of natural and technical sciences which were, through the postulate of rationalism, intended to be applied to the social political theory. The highlight of the modern political theory occurred from the formulation of concept of the citizen, who, in a rational way, examines political and economic relations and his position in them. The problem is evident in the fact that from the field of political theory, as a part of political science, the notion of human has disappeared. This happened because he acts as a rational political citizen (citoyen) or economic citizen (bourgeois), and less according to the principles of humanism, that is according to Rousseau the essence of human nature. Therefore, the postulate is based on the political thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as the restoration of political philosophy directed toward human. Through this, philosophical discipline – political philosophy gains its meaning again and shows its importance in contemporary reflections on human and politics.
Keywords: political science, political theory, political philosophy, materialism, humanism, mind, Rousseau, political citizen (citoyen), economic citizen (bourgeois)
PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES
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Callous-Unemotional traits (CU traits) have a robust link to early, persistent
violent and antisocial (delinquent) behaviour. They are viewed as precursor for
psychopathy in adulthood, as it closely overlap with affective component of psychopathy. Core feature of CU traits are specifics in emotional processing and behaviour and they show relative stability from adolescence into early adulthood, even more than other developmental psychopathological presentations. Aetiology of CU traits is multi-layered as biological factors are influencing the manifestation of traits along complex interactions with multiple other environmental influences. Data consistently shows that adolescents with stable high CU traits show more severe, stable, especially instrumental aggressive and delinquent behaviours, which are also less responsive to interventions. In children and adolescents with CU traits, it seems that there are temperamentally based deficits in emotional responsivity and unresponsiveness to punishment, which are some of the core components in empathy development and sense of remorse as inhibitors of inappropriate behavioural reactions in interpersonal relationships.
Keywords: callous-unemotional traits, aetiology, children, adolescents, agressiveness, violence, delinquency
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The purpose of the study was to examine the relation between implicit and explicit attitudes toward persons with disabilities among two groups of students. Results have shown that in average all students had moderate
negative implicit attitudes (measured with Implicit Association Test) toward persons with disabilities, while no correlation was found between their implicit and explicit attitudes (assessed with a self-report scale). The group of students who are educating for the professions primarily oriented to improve people’s well-being expressed less negative implicit attitudes toward persons with disabilities and more positive explicit attitudes compared with the other group. Both the explicit and the implicit attitudes predict student’s choice of profession. Students who were well informed about the living conditions of persons with disabilities, and who have close contact with them demonstrated more positive explicit attitudes. The knowledge
about the living conditions of persons with disabilities significantly predicted only the explicit attitudes.
Keywords: implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, persons with disabilities, students
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Early identification of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is focused on assessment of early behavioral signs in the first and second year. We don’t have assessment tools for detecting early signs of ASD in Slovenia. The purpose of our research is a construction of a new assessment procedure for the identification of early signs of ASD between the second and third year of age. We developed a test SITKO for assessing toddlers symbolic play, communication and social interaction, joint attention, theory of mind and empathy. We used SITKO in a group of 60 toddlers with typical development in study 1. In study 2 we used it as an additional tool in a group of 31 toddlers with risk of ASD. A standard clinical psychological assessment was also applicated in this group. Results prove that typically developing toddlers show more progress than toddlers with risk of ASD on all SITKO testing scales. A standard clinical psychological assessment of toddlers with risk of ASD show significant delay in developmental milestones and measures in comparison with normative achievements in the reference group. With the help of the toddlers achievement in SITKO test, the probability for detecting ASD is greater. The results on the communication and theory of mind scales have high predictive power of ASD. This makes it easier to assess of ASD in the primary health care.
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, psychological assessment, SITKO test, diagnosis
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The increase in social network use in the past couple of years has opened up new research questions in regards to computer-mediated communication. In the field of psychology, problematic Internet use, and, in recent years issues occurring during the use of social network sites, it became of great interest how problematic use might affect the mental health of the users. The purpose of this paper is (based on a systematic review of previous research) to examine (1) the potential impact of various aspects of social network use on the mental health of the users, and (2) to determine the individuals most vulnerable for these impacts. In the forefront of the analysis is self-presentation as the cumulation of impression-forming management strategies. From the viewpoint of self-presentation on social networks, it is still unclear whether individuals present themselves in their authentic or idealised form, which is connected to a variety of factors, for example type of audience and privacy on social networks, different motives, attitudes and personality traits. Furthermore, individuals with a lack of social skills are a particularly vulnerable group of users, which are most susceptible to encountering problems while using social network sites, which has potentially negative consequences on their mental health.
Keywords: self-presentation, social networks, Facebook, psychological well-being, mental health
REVIEWS
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