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Anthropos 1-4 (197-200) 2005
INTERNATIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL SYMPOSIUM: THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT OF SLOVENIAN PHILOSOPHY
– FRANCE VEBER (1890–1975)
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Veber's aesthetics should not be seen as just another application of the Meinongian theory of objects. The central concept of Veber's aesthetics, that of unreal gestalt (irealni lik), has to be approached from both Kantian and Meinongian viewpoints if it is to be made understandable. In Veber's theory, an aesthetic feeling (which is included in every aesthetic experience) has two objects: (1) its own object (eg, beauty) and (2) its borrowed object (the bearer of beauty, eg, melody). The latter is always an unreal gestalt, which is formed through a process of gestalt-formation (oblikovanje). This process can be performed even on imaginary elements. Veber argues that the beauty of a melody does not depend on the factuality of its foundations (ie, of the individual tones) but it does depend on the melody's own factuality. But how can a melody be at the same time factual and unreal? A Kantian reading is suggested to steer Veber clear of an imminent contradiction.
Key words: aesthetic value, gestalt, unreal gestalt, beauty, melody
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Meinongs Gegenstandstheorie ist durch die Zweiteilung der Gegenstände in Objektive und Objekte charakterisiert. Die disjunktive Gegenüberstellung erfolgt auf Grund eines gegenstandstheoretischen Arguments: Objektive sind Sein und können Sein haben, hingegen sind Objekte kein Sein, sie können aber Sein haben. Sein im allgemeinen Sinne ist sowohl Sein im engeren Sinne als auch Sosein. Sein im engeren Sinne ist Existenz und Bestand. Einerseits demonstriert Meinong die Unabhängigkeit des Soseins vom Sein (im engeren Sinne): Jeder Gegenstand braucht, um Gegenstand zu sein, Sosein aber kein Sein. Andrerseits wird die Abhängigkeit des Seins vom Sosein festgestellt: Sein setzt als notwendige Bedingung die Widerspruchsfreiheit von Soseinsbestimmungen voraus. Die Konsequenzen dieser These werden in der Fundierungslehre der Objektive weiter ausgeführt, d.h. in jenem Teil der Objektivenlehre, der den Aufbau von Objektiven untersucht.
Key words: Gegenstand, Objektive, Objekte, Sein, Sosein, Unabhängigkeitsprinzip, Fundierung
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Tensions between subjective and objective elements in Veber's Ethics, such as the distinction between psychological and non-psychological, are compared to the tensions between subjective and objective elements of moral particularism. The subjective element may seem a slight exaggeration of common sense; and the objective element may be reproached for lacking the soul. The paper presents relevant insights into the matter on the basis of the analogies among these tensions.
Key words: Veber, ethics, moral particularism, subjectivity, objectivity
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Ich beschränke mich auf die frühere Periode der Philosophie Vebers (von 1920– 1925), die noch unter dem starken Einfluß von Meinong. Veber bestimmt die Erkenntnis als der "echte" (pristno) und wahre Gedanke, genauer, als der echte Gedanke über die faktische (istinito) Tatsache. Der wahre Gedanke ist der Gedanke, dessen Inhalt die faktische Tatsache ist. Das gibt uns die Gleichheit Wp = Tp (wahre Proposition p = die Tatsache, daß p), was stärker als der übliche W-Satz (Wp gdw p) ist. Das führt Veber (und Meinong) zur Suche nach einer notwendigen Kennzeichnung der Wahrheit in dem Urteil selbst. Veber sucht diese Kennzeichnung im Urteil, das wegen der internalen Gründe evident ist. Veber konnte aber keinen Beweis dafür finden, daß die autonome Evidenz des Gedankens seine Wahrheit (seine nichtpsychologische Faktizität) notwendig impliziert. Darum sagt er in den "Problemi sodobne filozofije" (1923), daß man die Wahrheit des autonom evidenten Gedankens nur voraussetzen kann. Veber wollte damit zwischen dem Andrej Ule: Veber über die Tatsachen, Wahrheit und Erkenntnis radikalen Skeptizismus und dem Dogmatismus stehen. Diese Position ist rational, doch Veber hat wahrscheinlich wegen seiner Annäherung an die Religion noch weiter nach einer zuverlässigen Kennzeichnung der Wahrheit des Urteils gesucht, die am Urteilserlebnis selbst gezeigt werden konnte.
Schlüsselwörter: Veber, Meinong, Tatsache, Wahrheit, Evidenz, Wirklichkeit
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Komel Dean:
The Influence of Veber's Aesthetics
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France Veber's book Philosophy stirred a lively debate among Slovene intellectuals. This paper concentrates on Vladimir Bartol's critical review, above all on his discussion on various methods used in the investigation of the mind. Bartol analysed the limitations of Veber's phenomenological method and pointed out the value of biologically-oriented experimental investigation. I suggest two readings of the debate: a narrow one, i.e. Bartol's critical assessment of Veber's argumentation, and a broad one, exploring different approaches to the investigation of the human mind and the role of intuitions in the fallacy of begging the question. I conclude that many aspects of Bartol-Veber discussion are again a hot topic in the contemporary philosophy of mind and cognitive science.
Key words: consciousness, phenomenology, dualism, scientific methods, Veber
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The paper tries to place Veber's philosophy within the context of the European philosophy. It compares Veber's work with the ideas of (neo)scholasticism, object theory (Meinong and the Graz School), phenomenology (Max Scheler) and some others. The author claims that Veber was in close touch with the most modern philosophical strands of his time and reacted to them very quickly. He adopted some components of them and incorporated them in his own research and view. Veber was a creative and original philosopher who developed from the Meinongian view to a view close to Brentano and (neo)scholasticism.
Key words: Meinong, object theory, Christianity, (neo)scholasticism, reality, phenomenology
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Juhant Janez:
Vebers Ethik in dem 'System der Wissenschaft'
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Im Vortrag wird die Erlebnisstruktur in der Spätphilosophie Webers näher erörtert. Er hat das Erlebnisschema Inhalt – Akt – Gegenstand, welches er von Meinong und dessen Schule übernommen hat, fast in allen seinen Schriften beibehalten; in seinen späten Schriften (insbesondere ab 1939) sind jedoch diesbezüglich eine wesentliche Änderungen zu konstatieren. Er meint nun, dass jedem Erlebnis eine doppelte Funktion zukommt: Neben dem Präsentieren kommt ihm noch das Treffen zu, welchen Funktionen die Inhaltseite bzw. die Aktseite des Erlebens zuordnen sind. Nach dieser Zweiteilung wird z.B. durch eine Farbempfindung diese oder jene Farbe präsentiert, das "Gefärbte" bzw. der Träger der Farbe selbst wird aber getroffen. Durch die erste Funktion ist uns die zeitlose phänomenale Welt gegeben; mit dem Treffen hingegen stoßen wir "hinter" die Phänomene vor, es wird die Wirklichkeit selbst getroffen. Dazu meint Weber zu dieser Zeit, dass der Unterschied zwischen Ernstmäßigkeit und PhantasieTanja Pihlar: Über einige psychologische grundbegriffe beim späten Weber mäßigkeit des Erlebens nicht den Akt, sondern den Inhalt des Erlebens betrifft: Ernstmäßige und phantasiemäßige Erlebnisse richten sich auf durchaus verschiedene Gegenstände, und zwar auf "echte" bzw. "unechte" Gegenstände. Es wird gezeigt, dass Webers Vorschlag, nach dem der Unterschied zwischen ernstmäßigen und phantasiemäßigen Erlebnissen dem Inhalt zuzuschreiben ist, noch zahlreiche Fragen offen lässt.
Key words: Erlebnis, Inhalt, Akt, ernstmäßiges Erleben, phantasiemäßiges Erleben, Treffen, Präsentieren, Wirklichkeit, Erscheinung
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A general outline of the basic characteristics of France Veber's ethics as developed in his book Ethics (1923) is offered. Concepts and problems that are central for this ethics are dealt with: the concept of moral conscience, duty, evaluative or axiological emotions, axiological strives and the question of their formal and material correctness or truth. Ethics fits into Veber's philosophy as the logic of the instinctive reason. Brief comparisons are made to his other works, where he deals with questions pertaining to moral philosophy: Idejni temelji slovanskega agrarizma (The Fundamental Ideas of Slavic Agrarianism, 1927), Filozofija (Philosophy, 1930), Sv. Avguštin (St. Augustine, 1931) and Nacionalizem in relationship between the subjective and objective in Veber's ethics, the distinction between duty in a strict and in a less strict sense, the question of the role and epistemic status of moral conscience, the problem of moral motivation, and the Vojko Strahovnik: Veber's Ethics question of moral values and their ground.
Key words: ethics, conscience, duty, evaluative emotions and strivings, France Veber
PHILOSOPHY
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The reasons for the fact that philosophical anthropology is the least developed among all philosophical disciplines are in the human nature itself; it's above all the fear of the human being and of the philosopher before their own uncertain and contradictory interior reality. One of the reasons, characteristic for all one-sided philosophies, which tried to escape from this interior uncertainty, lies in the longing for the peace on this world. Because one-sided, metaphysical philosophies dominated for 2500 years after Heraclites, there has been no place for the development of the philosophic anthropology. Post-Heraclitean philosophy in 2500 years did not succeed to integrate two central views of "Presocratics": recognize yourself ("the seventh wise", Delphi); if you go through all the ways, you cannot find the limits of the soul, such a deep logos it has (Heraclites). In contrast to Heidegger's ontological difference, the Heraclites sentence generates much more important anthropological difference, which is the essential foundation of philosophical anthropology and of the whole philosophy. The central part of philosophy would have to be consecrated to the extraordinary human wholeness – to the soul of the individuum with its unlimited interior logos. The philosophical system of the author is completely original, based on the original analysis of the creative act, of which the main component is conception. In this original system, for the first time, the conception and its essential differences from categories of notion, fantasy and representation are precisely analyzed. Conception is essentially higher thinking than notion (which was ranked, from the side of the up-to-date philosophy, as the highest one). The author's original system permits the overthrow of all central philosophical problems and an overthrow of the relations among all philosophical disciplines and philosophical tendencies. In Slovenia, the philosophers from different historical cultural environments – Kocbek, Trstenjak, Grmič, Janžekovič, Majer and the author of this article – have built permanent common bridges of progressive Slovene spirit in philosophical anthropology, humanism and ethics; we came, each one independently, up to common basic findings. Not one word of the author of actual article was written under the dictate of the Communist party and state, every word is independently and autonomously thought out. Author's central theses for the original system have been formed already in the beginning of fifties: the basic significance of the personality of the human being and of its experiences; the freedom of this originality; permanent contradictions in the human being; unableness of the "ideal perfection" of the human being; analysis of the structure of creative act at the end of fifties.
Key words: philosophical anthropology, causes of its lagging, anthropological difference as argumentation of philosophy, unlimitedness of the soul, original philosophical system, structure of the creative act, conception, overthrow of the philosophical problems and relations, Heraclites, Kocbek, Trstenjak, Grmič, Janžekovič, Majer
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The paper is an analysis of Schopenhauer's metaphysical views that made Nietzsche develop a permanent belief in the ideal of Schopenhauer's human being. In addition to allegiance to atheism or rather to cosmodicea there is yet another exemplary element to be noted here, viz. Schopenhauer's attitude to nature that is reminiscent of the ancient standpoint regarding philosophy while also laying particular stress on the moral freedom of the human being. In this respect, Nietzsche turned out to be a steady continuator of Schopenhauer's thought, while his own thought in turn also leads back to the starting point of the Western world, to the point whence derive both scholarly awareness and the artistic spirit of Europe, and where they still remain a single entity. In the paper, this insight of Thomas Mann's is confronted also with Georg Simmel's thought to the effect that Schopenhauer is clearly more convincing in the metaphysical sense, because he commands an attitude to the most mysterious and the most profound foundations of being. The contemporary human being feels closer to Nietzsche's side because of the mental closeness. Nietzsche was not driven so much by the metaphysical need, but rather by the moralistic need; not by the essence of being but the essence of man's soul and of its ethical passion. In Schopenhauer and Nietzsche both the metaphysics of solitude and the ethics of being on one's own are located within the metaphysical tradition which means that self-awareness and cognizance of the world constitute a uniform and inseparable process. It is in the postmetaphysical substantiation of mind and philosophy that this process disintegrates, the theory of reality and the ethical theory become separated, each going on to develop further in its own way.
Key words: Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, philosophy of life, metaphysics, ethics
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Im Beitrag wird der Versuch unternommen die Bioethik und ihre mögliche Zukunft aus der westlichen Kultur immanenter Zwiespältigkeit heraus zu erklären. Diese Zwiespältigkeit, die sich vor allem seit der Aufklärung immer wieder in verschiedenen binären Oppositionen zum Ausdruck bringt – Kultur versus Natur, Zivilisation versus Leben, Anthropozentrismus versus Biozentrismus, Verstand versus Gefühle, Fortschritt versus Rückschritt, Entwurzelung versus Einwurzelung, Liberalismus versus Konservatismus, Naturwissenschaften versus Geisteswissenschaften, Nutzenkultur versus Normenkultur – eskaliert und spitzt sich gerade innerhalb der Bioethikdebatte enorm zu; gewisserweise bezeichnet sie sogar die Anhäufung und Radikalisierung des nie endgültig beantworteten geistigen Dilemmas der westlichen Kultur. Aus diesem Grund wird Bioethik zugleich zu einem fundamental anthropologischen Problem, in dem die Kant- Schelerschen Fragen, wer sind wir, was wollen wir und nicht zuletzt, was dürfen wir überhaupt, eine nie dagewesene Brisanz erlangen. Die herrschende Orientierungslosigkeit, Ungewissheit und fehlende Eindeutigkeit innerhalb der Bioethikdebatte wird deshalb als die Ungewissheit der fundamental anthropologischen Fragen interpretiert. Schließlich wird vorgeschlagen ein zweistufiges Bioethikmodell einzuführen, in dem die behandelte Zwiespältigkeit unserer Kultur sozusagen vertikal aufgelöst wird in eine universale Lebensethik im Sinne einer regulativen Dachtheorie (allgemeine Bioethik) und in eine biomedizinische Ethik im Sinne einer applikativen Theorie (spezielle Bioethik).
Schlüsselwörter: Bioethik, kulturelle Zwiespältigkeit, Anthropologie, Lebensethik
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The topic of this article is the conflict between philosophy and politics, which pervades Arendt's entire work. First I’m examining her claim that the gulf between philosophy and politics opened historically with the trial and condemnation of Socrates, which made Plato despair of polis life and, at the same time, doubt certain fundamentals of Socrates' teachings. Next I'm dealing with the question whether there exists a deeper contradiction between philosophy and politics – the inherent incompatibility between the fundamental philosophical and the fundamental political experiences – that can be found also in Socrates' own teachings. According to Arendt's method, the article brings no definite conclusions.
Key words: philosophy, politics, Hannah Arendt, Plato
PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT
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Hosta Milan:
An Attempt at Conceptualizing Sport
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Agón (αγών), aristos (αριστος) and areté (αρετή) are three concepts that fundamentally determine the attitude of Ancient Greece towards those physical activities and the body's role in them that we would, with a today's notional apparatus, call sport. And these notions also fundamentally determine the still emerging thinking, whose subject is sport and is in public domain establishing itself as the philosophy of sport. The present article's object follows the development of these three notions from Iliad and Odyssey to the classical Greek thought by Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. With that we are trying to at least partially identify the parallels of this development with the so-called "real life". From genuine agón to its degeneration and "administrative" protection of regulations; from genuine aristocracy to tyranny and democracy; from areté, which shows itself, to the time when Gods stop consorting with people, and the question "What areté is?" becomes the fundamental question of the emerging ethics.
Key words: sport, game, philosophy of sport, agón, aristos, areté, ethics, eris, Olympic Games
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Sport and philosophy: two essentially human activities, which flourished for the first time in ancient Greece. From then on, their ways have separated. Sport has specialized and bounded itself to the physical reality, while philosophy has directed her interest in higher, metaphysical aims. Only in the last century the growing power of sport forced philosophy to start questioning it. Philosophy has to include inquiry of sport in its research in order not to overlook the integrity of the world. It therefore has to reach back to its beginnings and try to get insight into sport using the hermeneutic approach.
Key words: Sport, philosophy, ancient Greece, Hermeneutics
ANTHROPOLOGY
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Gašperšič Maja:
The Controversy of "Ape" Cultures. The Reflection on the Concept of Culture Among "Other" Primates
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The (pre)electional and (pre)festive December period, both understood as transitional periods, are analized and compared primarily of the basis of their temporal meaning. This reveals their common features as well as their differences. Their periodicality is supposed to represent a constant in the otherwise linear perception of time, which, among other things, delienates the relations of temporal dimensions of past, present and future. Crucial factors here are the public and private sphere, the dividing line of which is not clearly determinable. And all this is illustrated by desires, experience, perceptions and memories of individuals. Temporal perspectives therefore represent a reflection on the social and individual reality constituted on the basis of the past, present and the expected, which is further enriched by connotations and traditional position on the one hand and the understanding of modernity on the other.
Key words: festivities, elections, politics, time, memory, transitional period
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The article discusses the importance of relations system within traditional Islandic society, which put the individual in the place of active subject due to the loose system of formal rules. The relative absence of the formal state structure, which normally provides a solid basis for the legal and social system, had forced the individual to a meagre existence and a reliance on others, primarily relatives. The importance of relatioships in Islandia is clearly evinced already in middle-age sagas and in numerous other social and cultural practices, such as the choice of godfather and grooms and bridemaids from among relatives, as well as naming the children after them. However, the choosing of relatives, to which the individual turned for help, wasn't grounded in strict formal rules. This is reflected in the relations terminology, which provides the individual with a variety of terms for one and the same relationship. The choice is a matter of free judgement of every individual and represents a mode of construction of the relationship. In establishing and keeping the relationship, the individual could act on his own free will and was thus an active participant in creating the social organization.
Key words: Islandic society, relations, individual, society
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The article analyses the issues of the nativist views within the context of anthropological discourse. This issue if particularly interesting when the place of a native is occupied by a native anthropologist. With his nativity on the one hand and his anthropological knowledge on the other, he appears to be a huge threat for the anthropological science as a science of omniscient foreigners. The instance of the conflict between nativist and cosmopolitan anthropologists reveals yet another epistemological problem, which has remained hidden throughout the actual conflict. It is the issue of the organization of anthropological field and methodological approach to this field of research. This, however, implies the dilemmas of the criteria concerning the scientific objectivity of a doctrine which can obtain no final truths, as are claimed by the natural or exact sciences.
Key words: nativism, cosmopolitanism, anthropology, truth, methodology
PERSONALITY AND PSYCHICAL WELL-BEING
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To understand what happened during the change of currency, we surveyed four times the same group of students with the same questionnaire: in October, December 2001, January and March 2002. The results concerning the evolution of the variables during the survey are consistent with the stress episode model. The change is seen as a challenge. It is important to be successful. As a stress episode is a transaction, some aspects changed during the introduction of the new currency. The attitude towards euro is more positive after the change. There is an improvement of the knowledge, with an improvement of the certitude on this knowledge. It is quite normal to find an increase of the use, but this increase started in December. This use got easier in March. Students are self-confident; the fear of meeting problems and the level of anxiety are low but nevertheless they decreased slowly. The expectation of changes of economic habits also decreased. Many of these variables were correlated in October and December 2001. Although there is no more anxiety and the significant correlation between cognitive and emotional variables disappeared in March 2002, the perception of a challenge is still active.
Key words: stress, anxiety, expectations, adaptation, euro
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The paper discusses the construct of self-consciousness as a stable internal dispositional tendency. Results of studies analysing relation between selfconsciousness and relevant correlates are presented. Theoretically, selfconsciousness should be related to positive outcomes, since individuals high in self-consciousness might be more successful in directing their lives toward desired end states due to better self-understanding. Results confirm higher self-complexity and better self-knowledge of these individuals. They are also more accurate in predicting their own behaviour and more successful in managing stress. But the results also indicate important relations between self-consciousness and neuroticism, low self-esteem, depression and psychopathology. The cause of these contradicting results could originate in different motivation for focusing attention on the self. If self-consciousness is motivated by inquisitiveness and self-interest and not by anxiety and self-doubts, than the consequences of more frequent selffocus should be positive.
Key words: self-consciousness, self-knowledge, stress, self-respect, depression
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In the present study, personality characteristics of mild mentally deficient (MMD) pupils were explored and compared to the results derived with a normative sample of school age children/adolescents. With the MMD individuals as targets, the Inventory of Child/Adolescent Individual Differences (Halverson et al., 2003) was employed for the first time. The characteristics of the targets were rated by pupils' caregivers who interact with the children/adolescents in their everyday life the most frequently. With the MMD sample, 14 of the 15 mid-level personality trait-scales showed a sufficient internal reliability. The organization of these traits as perceived by the adults resulted in a three-component structure: extraversion, disagreeableness and conscientiousness-emotional stability. In comparison to the five-component structure (extraversion, conscientiousness, disagreeableness, neuroticism and openness-intelect), characteristic of the perceived organization of personality in normative pupils, the personality structure of their MMD peers appeared less differentiated. At the trait level, significant differences between the normative and the MMD pupils were obtained. Except for strong will, the MMD pupils were assessed to express less desirable personality traits. With increasing age of the MMD sample (between 9 and 17 years), the perceived expression of disagreeableness and of most of its constituting traits decreased. Significant, but small gender differences were also established with the MMD individuals. The boys were, in comparison to the girls, reported to be somewhat more disagreeable and active.
Key words: mild mental deficiency, personality characteristics, pupils, organization of personality traits, age trend, gender differences
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The present study was conducted in order to clarify the relationship between basic personality dimensions including higher-order alpha and beta factor and dimensions of subjective emotional well-being (SWB). The results confirmed the hypothesis that personality dimensions are strongly connected with SWB, especially neuroticims and extraversion among Big five, as well as both higherorder factors of personality. Neuroticism and extraversion predicted SWB dimensions approximately as good as all Big five dimensions, and as both higherorder factors. The results are in line with theories of that emphasize the role of personality in formation of SWB.
Key words: personality, big five, alpha factor, beta factor, subjective emotional well-being, positive psychology
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The present study examines the relationship between the importance and realization of values and psychological well-being. The results showed significant connection of psychological well-being with value orientations based on rated importance of values and value categories, and even substantially stronger connection of well-being with rated degree of realization of values in the life. The realization (fulfillment) of hedonic (sensual and safety) values was the strongest predictor of psychological well-being. In the study, we also confirmed the hypothesis of causal influence of realtization of values on subjective emotonal well-being. The overall results of the study are in concordance with the telic theory of psychological well-being, which stresses the role of the realization of goals, ideals and values in the shaping the psychological well-being. On the other side, the results also support the hedonistic theory, which emphasizes the importance of basic needs satisfaction in the formation of well-being.
Key words: personality, big five, self-concept, self-esteem, positive psychology, subjective emotional well-being, psychological health
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Lavrič Miran, Lavrič Silva:
Demographic Factors of Social Anxiety
FAMILY AND PARTNERSHIP
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The goings-on in the field of partnership and family are so intense that each analysis or research can only be understood as "a halt". Some of the most important factors which have influenced the development of new forms of family and partnership are social changes, or more precisely, the historical changes and the influences of wider social-economical factors. According to these changes, the evaluations of marriage and family have shaken their foundations and redefined the traditional partnership and family. The contribution is a review of newer theoretical and empirical findings in this field.
Key words: marriage, cohabitation, divorce, single parent household, binuclear family, historical changes, economical changes, sexual roles
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Attachment theory is among the most sweeping, comprehensive theories in psychology today. It offers a biosocial, lifespan account of how relationships form, are maintained, and dissolve and how relationships influence the persons involved in them (Bowlby, 1979, in Rholes and Simpson, 204). Despite its worldwide popularity research of adult attachment theory concepts in Slovenia is rather rare. This article presents basic information about adult romantic attachment theory (Hazan in Shaver, 1987), which stems from Bowlby’s attachment theory, and an overview of research about relationship between adult attachment and romantic relationships as well as personality.
Key words: attachment, adults, romantic relationships, personality
PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE
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The study was designed to provide evidence about the development of different types of thinking and metacognitive evaluations from adolescence to middle age. This phase of life is interesting because it is known to be associated with decline of some processes or functions, and the rise of others. The study involved 282 participants, drawn from four different age groups: 13-15-, 23-25-, 33-35- and 43-45-year olds. These participants solved tasks addressed to spatial, verbal-propositional and social reasoning, evaluated their own performance and difficulty of the tasks. Results showed us that a basic level of spatial and verbal-propositional reasoning is established from adolescence and this level is generally maintained until middle adulthood. Social reasoning improved systematically throughout the age-span studied. Metacognitive evaluations were accurate in spatial domain, less accurate in verbal-propositional and quite inaccurate in social domain. The accuracy of self-evaluation increased with age and also males were more accurate than females. Qualitative analysis of these results showed that young adults and women were mainly too strict to their performance. Improvement of metacognitive accuracy with age is in tune with findings that adults become with age more self-reflective and that metacognition becomes more effective with development.
Key words: metacognitive evaluations, cognitive development, adulthood, selfreflection
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The article presents how the organizational and psychological thoughts have been interweaving in the history and critically examines the present position of psychology in the organizational theory and practice. In the twentieth century sciences, schools of thoughts and scientific disciplines that observe and explain the organization have been more and more approaching. But we can still put the "cutting point" between them. The major source of distinction is the epistemology on which they base their descriptions and explanations. In the organizational practice the status of psychology is less clear. Psychologists exceed the typical field of psychological work; they act as organizational analysts and counselors. On the other hand, organizational practitioners from other organizational sciences are taking over and effectively sell psychological contents, approaches, and methods. The article points out some of the possible and necessary preconditions for the enforcement of the status of psychology in the field of work and organization. We can summarize them as: to wish, to know and to be able, or: the motivation, knowledge and support from its own (psychological) academic circle and practice.
Key words: organizational sciences, psychology, interdisciplinarity, theory, practice
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Musek Janek:
Higher-Order Personality Dimensions and Personality Types
STUDIES
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The issue of safety is as old as humanity itself. References to this concept are numerous, paradigmatically rich in meaning and ilustratively more or less relevant. The opposite meaning of safety is the concept of risk-taking on the one side and the concept of danger on the other. The taxinomies and index networks, which construct our language, are not always in accordance with the uttered thing. There is thus a discrepancy between the concept as such, form, and content or the substance of the concept. This duality, however, is the duality of concepts as operative elements of consciousness.
Key words: science, safety, risk-taking, consciousness, concept
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Slovenian Lev Ferdinand (1883–1961) and Croat Krunislav Heruc (1859–1928?) were in pre-revolution Russia the first and the most important cultural representatives form the southern-Slavic areas. In 1892, the collection with the title "Slavic Muse" was edited (Heruc as editor) with the selection of Slovene poetry of poets France Prešern and Simon Gregorčič During WW1, Heruc was active in the Croat-Russian association "Juraj Križanič". He was helped by a Slovene Lev Tuma. Collaboration between them lasted up to the October Revolution , which was not accepted by Tuma and Heruc. In 1917, Tuma returned to homeland and Heruc went to Georgia, which was not yet occupied by the Bolsheviks. There he also developed, besides already existent idea of Slavic collaboration, the concept of Czech-Georgian collaboration and "Euro-Asian idea". Tuma and Heruc fought for equality of rights in collaboration of Slavic nations.
Key words: Lev Tuma, Krunislav Heruc, Tsar Russia, equality of rights, Euro- Asian idea
REVIEWS
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