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Anthropos 3-4 (215–216) 2009
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
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Observed personality of the elderly (OPE) was operationalized as the mean personality trait levels of elderly (age 65 or older) derived from self- and reports by others, while prototypical personality of elderly (PPE) referred to traits that are perceived to be prototypical of elderly in a given society. The OPE and the PPE were drawn from assessments of four age groups (total N = 706). Using the Big Five Questionnaire (Caprara et al., 1997) the informants rated an elderly male (N = 184) or female (N = 179) whom they knew well, the rest of them reported on prototypical traits of elderly men (N = 174) or women (N = 169). Additional 78 elderly provided self-reports. The participants’ negative/positive bias toward elderly was determined by scores on a modified Facts on Aging Quiz (Palmore, 1988). There were no age or gender effects of the observers on neither OPE nor PPE assessments but the trait ratings were dependent on the targets’ gender, and the observers’ bias toward elderly. Positive bias was modestly related to PPE ratings of extraversion, emotional stability, and openness in the elderly whereas negative bias was linked to reports on emotional instability and low agreeableness. Controlling for the observer bias the PPE profile differed from the OPE profiles mainly in lower levels of agreeableness, emotional stability, and openness ascribed to the elderly. The profiles also suggest higher levels of extraversion and openness in elderly men as compared to women who were, in turn, rated higher in agreeableness.
Key words: old age, Big Five, profile of prototypical personality traits, profile of observed personality traits, bias toward elderly
PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION
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The article focuses on two new religious movements (NRM) in Slovenia, both of which include the value of proselytism in their doctrine - The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Days (Mormons) and the Christian Community New Life. The establishment of their placement among the NMR is followed by the comparison of their doctrines, organization, activities in Slovenia and above all their missionary activity. The article compares the observed NRM within the frame of ten Stark reasons for religious movement success or failure on the basis of research results, attained with the help of qualitative research methods. This comparison clearly shows that the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Days is more efficiently organized not only in the field of financing and other activities, but also in their method of missionary work. Furthermore it is its activity as well as its doctrine that are closer to the Stark model of success, which in fact fit the membership enlargement. The Stark theory thus matches the empirical religious activity in this example.
Key words: new religious movements, missionaries, the theory of religion, Rodney Stark
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The family resembles the child’s start of their vision and life purpose, which leads him to independent, responsible and integrative adult.
In our survey the goal was to indicate the connection of confirmee attachment to their parents and confirmee life meaning and their personal goals. Our next interest was the assumption how the quality of the relationship with parents diverts adolescent from suicidal attempts.
Participants were adolescent from 11 to 15 years old from different parish of North Gorenjska. They fill in three questionnaires: Reason for Living Inventory for Adolescents (Osman in dr., 1998), The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (G. C. Armsden in M. T. Greenberg, 1987) and Life Attitude Profile - Revised (Reker, 1992).
The results indicate the power of secure attachment of adolescent with their parents in adolescent future purpose, their coherence and responsibility. Adolescent’s mutual communication and trust to their parents was shown to be connected with high degree of adolescent’s suicidal apprehension.
Key words: confirmee, attachment, life meaning, suicidal attempt
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The author understands religious experience of an individual as a complex scientific phenomenon, which can be observed on a multitude of levels. Methodologically, religious experience can be encompassed and explained in terms of biology, psychology and social science. The most appropriate scientific approach, which in its attempt to establish a theory of religious experience considers all these three levels, is social neuroscience. The focus of the paper is Momen’s explanatory model of religious experience and various examples of research. The discussion is concluded with a proposition for a new, integrative approach to the phenomenon of religion, although the author point s to possible problems in combining terminologies, methodologies and/or epistemologies of cognitive sciences.
Keywords: Religious experience, levels of scientific observation, interdisciplinarity, cognitive sciences, social neuroscience, emergence.
PHILOSOPHY RESEARCH
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In the article I presented design of the domestic appliances after WW II. Mostly I was focused on contemporary design, mainly on our home company Gorenje. Furthermore I tried, in light of Katya Mandoki, to explain the position and the theory of art of today, especially her theory that comprehension of aesthetics as a part of art is too narrow. I also presented Henri Lefebvre, the philosopher of everyday life, who was dealing with changes and their consequences on people’s lives and Mike Featherstone, who was dealing with postmodernism and his influence on art.
Key words: Design, Art, Postmodernism, Aesthetic, domestic appliances, Gorenje, Everyday life
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In this article, the eternal philosophical question will be carried out, about the possibility to find the rules of action valid for the people, irrespectively of the culture they belong to. To a high degree it is the consequence of globalization that makes this old question newly actual. In Europe recently have occurred some clashes between customs of different cultures that get their epilogue in the court. In the accompanying discussions the problem was pointed out about the base on which it would be legitimate to punish the member of one culture on the codex of the other. In this essay it will be tried to continue this discussions with the question, whether being possible to find the rules that would be legitimately applicable to the members of all different cultures. With other words, does an intercultural criminal law exist? A search for an intercultural criminal law will be lead through the three different strategies. Firstly, it will be discussed on whether our (western) system can be considered as compatible with all cultures and, as such, to function as universal. The second strategy will examine if it is possible to construct a totally new system of rules, whereby thus become universally legitimate. The third strategy will take less ambitious way and will check if (here and now) perhaps some coincidence of delicts (although superficial) does subsist within different cultures. It will turn out that in fact such interferences do exist, which assure at least some degree of legitimacy for the punishment for the same delict, irrespective of the culture someone belongs to.
Key words: philosophy of law, morality, interculturality, criminal law, punishment
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The philosophical category of the time with Plato and Aristotle acquires a reasoned explanation. Significant for European philosophy is the distinction between objective and subjective concept of time. This concept is closer to category of time in literature, which is the topic of this article. Literary time depends on the style of writing and the purpose the writer wishes to express. Literary works are not unique and can be classified into larger groups on the basis of their common features. They represent personal narratives and help the reader to feel his own experience of time. Experience leads the reader through the narrative. Therefore is less important the assumption that Literature has its own language which belongs only to her. Narratives do not include specific interpretative codes which constrain the reader to specific interpretation. The code forms the reader currently with the reading. With the reading he follows his own story.
Key words: time, philosophy of time, time and Literature, narrative, transcendence
ASIAN PHILOSOPHIES
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The article deals with the similarities and differences in Nietzsche’s and Buddha’s experience and interpretation of nihilism as a starting point of “philosophical thinking”. They share the same “feeling” that the whole traditionally understood structure of existence is based on a wrong and dangerous assumption about mind (soul, self, substance, etc.) as a legislator that refers to some solid, closed and “ideal” world of ideas, values, etc., and which thereby opposes the existence to the world as it really is. Nietzsche’s nihilism and Buddha’s “suffering” as a total symptom of existential rebellion against inappropriate, i.e. opposed to the world as it is, mode of being, is resolved by invoking an ambiguous “Yes” to the world (will to power) in Nietzsche, whereas Buddha explores the inner possibilities of existence toward the “change of stream” of obsessive mode of being which is fed by “the thirst for being” and which produces various forms of clinging to beliefs, ideologies, systems of values and other forms of nihilism.
Key words: Buddha, Nietzsche, nihilism, suffering
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The article underlines that philosophy classes held in grammar school predominantly focus on the European philosophy, highly overlooking other philosophical traditions, including the Asian ones. Therefore the school system is neglecting one of its main tasks, which should be teaching open-mindedness and respect for the Other as a different yet equal being. At the same time, philosophy lessons neglect another important goal: teaching to think freely and weaving different ideas within an open discussion and focusing on the Other’s topics and argumentations. The knowledge of the Other rests on the discovery of different kinds of spiritual reaction that can sometimes be traced back to the Asian philosophies, other times to the European one and so on. By setting the knowledge of the Other as our objective, we can identify foreign elements in the various philosophical traditions, understanding how neither European nor Asian philosophies represent separate worlds but rather different philosophical ideas that complement each other.
Key words: Asian philosophies, European philosophies, open-mindedness, respect for the Other, independent thinking
THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
PHILOSOPHY, FACULTY OF ARTS, UNIVERSITY OF
LJUBLJANA
VIEWS
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Modern industrial - postindustrial society is so complex and dynamic, that philosophy and social sciences identify social ethos and social good with great difficulty, its changeable centre of gravity and optimal strategy of progressive social development. It's completely unreachable to the conceptions, which absolutize as omnipotent social factor any social partiality, (as, for example, neoliberal absolutisation of the market), and which do not take into account, that many-sidedness of the human being on the social level is projected into different social fields, of which projected synthesis is determined not earlier than by holistic multilevel social analysis.
Mostly essayistic, one-sided and empirically extremely deficient analyses of the contemporary ethos did not recognize the central meaning of the world antifascism for the construction of contemporary good in Atlantic card, in the OUN and in General declaration of human rights; particularly in the realization of their big words in big historical acts, as it was, after the year 1945, the liberation of different nations, which are now in the OUN in the number of 192, (before the year 1939 only 40 nations were in the League of nations), and domination of the parliamentary ruling and of the principle of the social state in numerous countries. There are numerous unquestionable and marking- significant sociological, psychological, historical cultural and philosophic proofs: that a specific human many-sidedness of a person - specially its reach psychical many-sidedness - has been already many millennia completely evident from Aristotle’s Nicoma ethics, from the Bible and from the basic works of other religions, from Iliad and Odyssey and from many other myths, from popular lullabies of all the nations and from all archeologic discoveries. With his completely original theory of conceiving/ imagination and with his completely original theory of the structure of all human creative acts, the author of the article shows his original philosophic contribution to the conceiving of the human many-sidedness. In these two theories the main creative human power - conceiving - is clearly separated from the notion, fantasy, visualization, imagination, need, will, purpose and motive (with simultaneous explanation of their associations with the conceiving). In these two original theories are contained and exceeded the foggy fragments and presentiments / anticipation by Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, Marx, and Sartre and by others.
Key words: modern society, societal good, modern societal ethos, societal strategy, many - sidedness of person and of society, OUN, Atlantic card, General declaration of human rights, Aristotle, religious ethos, conceiving, imagination, structure of creativity, moral act, Slovene human socialism 1953-1990.
REVIEWS
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