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Anthropos 1–2 (225–226) 2012
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
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The study examines the relationship between the dimensions of personality (Big Five, stability, plasticity, general factor of personality /GEP/) and the dimensions of the quality of life (physical, psychological, social, environmental quality and general factor of the quality of life /GQL/). Different multivariate analyses on the sample of 129 adult participants of both sexes clearly yielded a substantial connection between the dimensions of both domains (personality and quality of life) including the correlation between GEP and GQL (0,42). SEM analysis also confirmed the hypothesised causal influence of personality upon quality of life. The results thus clearly demonstrated the association between personality and quality of life, which is further in concordance with the numerous findings indicating the essential relationships between the personality factors on one side and the factors concerning the psychophysical and social well-being on the other.
Keywords: personality, quality of life, Big Five, general factor of personality (GEP)
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The purpose of this research is to find out whether people are satisfied with their lives and how often they experience positive and negative emotions in the middle and late age. Additionally, we have also considered the factors which may be connected with those considerable constructs. We were especially interested in importance of gender, age, marital status and degree of education.
The results of this research show that people in the middle and late adulthood are on average satisfied with their lives. There are no differences in the level of satisfaction with life or the frequency of experiencing negative emotions in their lives between women and men. Women have been experiencing their positive feelings more often. There are no considerable statistical differences between people in their middle and late adulthood, according to their assessment of satisfaction with their lives or in the frequency of negative and positive emotional experiences. Individuals with higher degree of education evaluated their life satisfaction much higher than less educated. Also more educated people experienced negative feelings more seldom. Statistically, satisfaction with one‘s life, positive and negative emotions are not importantly connected with their marital status. Satisfaction with life is connected with the frequency of negative and positive emotional experiences.
Key words: satisfaction with life, emotions, adulthood.
AESTHETICS
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In the article the author focuses on Merleau-Ponty’s existential phenomenological interpretation of painting that arises from his original concept of the body with which he overcomes the Cartesian dualism and introduces a novel concept of visual perception. The latter accentuates the significance of pre-reflexive experience, the consequence of which is that perception is explained as a corporeal and not a psychic phenomenon. It has to be pointed out that the body as interpreted by Merleau-Ponty is not an abstract entity but a live, active and cognizant body. The ascription of cognitive function to sensual experience is in the opinion of the author of crucial importance for his discussion of painting. Through an analysis of Merleau-Ponty’s three most important essays on painting the author shows why precisely the painterly practice became the key paradigm in Merleau-Ponty’s discussion of visual perception and pre-preflexive experiece.
Key words: Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Paul Cézanne, visual perception, pre-reflexive experience, modernist painting, ontology of painting
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I discuss the relationship between philosophy and art in Alain Badiou’s thought. Badiou presents a new schema of the relationship between philosophy and art which he calls inaesthetics and which he claims to do justice to both sides. I examine Badiou’s thought on art in order to perceive if it succeeds in meeting the schematic construct of inaesthetics. I stress Badiou’s reading of poetry. I show that Badiou constructs hierarchy of arts. I problematize the relationship between art and two other truth procedures, mathematics and politics. I find Badiou’s demand for politically engaged art deeply problematic. I conclude that Badiou oversteps the limitations required of philosophy by inaesthetics: he imposes dictations on art and he reduces its very concept.
Key words: Badiou, art, philosophy, aesthetics, inaesthetics, mathematics, politics
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The represented meaning aspects can be condensed and presented in some statements that are closely connected with each other and form a hierarchical organisation. They refer to conceptualisation of the design of plastic materials. The works of the plastic arts are projections of the states of spirit into the observable, i.e. the material. Figures are represented in various forms and manners. The man’s wish to arrange life with the help of the search for abstract patterns and geometrization is a technical characteristic of the 20th century. A figure needs medium, through which it can work and become visible. The use of electronic media enables fast interventions in the structure of optical impressions. Therefore it provides a possibility of an unlimited number of variations. At the same time it creates a new digital virtual space.
Key words: form, colour, geometrical, abstract, plastic space, digitalization, virtual
PHENOMENOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
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The paper is an attempt at a renewed encounter with Husserl's work Cartesian Meditations, which, with its immense intellectual richness, calls for ceaselessly new interpretations. The present reading tries to show that the chosen sequence of meditations, which from several aspects proves problematic, is historically motivated; in other words, it is to be understood as a systematic reaction against as well as challenge and response to the philosophical situation of his time.
Key words: Husserl, Descartes, method of reduction, transcendentality of consciousness, intersubjectivity
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The article presents and compares two modern theories of time – the theory of Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, and the theory of Ulrich Niesser, a psychologist. According to Husserl, subjective time and absolute time consciousness are almost identical, with the objective time being merely their product. Perceptions are not just passive but also active since they do not only involve sensing but also memory and intuition. In the last part of the article, the author compares both theories. Ulrich Neisser’s theory consists of three phases which can be compared with Husserl’s moments. It thus seems that there is a link between anticipatory schemata and retentions, perceptual exploration of the environment and protentions, and perceptual sampling of the available information and perceptions.
Key words: consciousness, time, retentions, protentions, primal impression, Husserl, Neisser.
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In view of the given situation which, in the framework of both natural and humanistic sciences, has affected us ever since Descartes, Husserl’s attempt at grounding philosophy as strict science may well appear odd and utterly irrelevant and unworldly. However, this is exactly the topic tackled by Pažanin, who calls for a different understanding not only of science but most of all original doxa, natural bearing, logos, rationality, and the truly original human aspect which lies at the core of “science” understood in this sense. In this sense, both Husserl and Pažanin never gave up the idea of “philosophy as strict science” in the original humanistic sense; “science”, which is in its natural and humanistic form obliged to “strictly” meet the paradoxical demand for the realization of the originally human.
Key words: Pažanin, Husserl, phenomenology, strict science, Cartesianism
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The basic claim of the present treatise is that, from the present perspective, Heidegger‘ s and Jaspers‘ philosophy (at least in their early works and despite specific differences) prove unique cases of philosophy of existence in post-metaphysical philosophy in general, and which at the same time bear little resemblance to any form of philosophical or religious form of existentialism. In both thinkers, comparative analysis of the phenomenon of Dasein, world and worldliness brings us to the concept of existence, which, with its meaning of human existence as authentic existence, evades both world-view and ideological forms of knowledge.
Key words: Heidegger, Jaspers, Dasein, world, existence, transcendence
PHILOSOPHY RESEARCH
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In this paper, I will present the role and the meaning of Descartes’ Philosophical system for the happening of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. In the first place, I will use the conceptualizations of A. Koyre and T. Kuhn to ground my research work. As a key moment of the scientific revolution of the 17th century, it is matematization of science and the reduction of astronomy to researches of earthly physics that are shown in the core of the understanding of revolutionary movement. It was Descartes’ work, which was the heir of Galileo’s scientific work that gave a significant contribution to this revolution. Descartes’ scientific thought is impartible of his philosophic thought, because science and philosophy were just to sides of the same medal for him. And this inseparability of scientific and philosophic thought is the foundation of his philosophical system, which has with its input of mathematical notion into the understanding of the world, made the change in human attitude towards the whole of the world and the beginning of the infinite conception of the world, which has become the object of modern science.
Key words: Scientific revolution, Mathematics, Descartes, World, Philosophy, Science
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Ancient Greek and Buddhist philosophy are historically and philosophically connected through the two waves of influences (Persian Empire and Alexander’s conquests). Rich mutual cultural influences have been from pragmatic political reasons (Europocentrism) for long neglected. The cradle of European civilization is broader than we’ve used to think. The juncture of both philosophical areas is in the interconnectivity of ethics (related to everyday life) and logic (as a scientific discipline), which was through the later European history split apart. For some European philosophical schools (e. g. sceptics), as for Buddhism, cultivating one’s everyday life was a part of methodology that leads to the highest realizations. It seems that, at least for a while, the two sides used to direct the mind beyond concepts, in the spheres that in later European history became a privilege of the rare mystics.
Key words: ancient Greek philosophy, Buddhism, ethics, logic, Sceptics, epoché, mādhyamika prāsan-gika.
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The purpose of the present paper is to explain Nietzsche’s phenomenon of the will to power, on the basis of definition that equates the will to power with pathos. The main part represents the analysis of Nietzsche’s earliest characterizations of pathos (- Pathos of Tragedy and Pathos of Truth), and its meaning as an adjunction from the concept of causality as a struggle. Considering that, we will show the main difficulties with understanding of presented definition, which appears when analysis of the meaning of pathos relies merely on its dictionary explanation. Contrary to the will to power, which is considered as a phenomenon of Nietzsche’s later period, pathos appears in his earliest writings. Equation of both in the definition of the will to power as pathos leads to a conclusion about continuity and consistency of Nietzsche’s thought as a whole.
Key words: Will to Power, Pathos of Tragedy, Pathos of Truth, causality.
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The most comprehensive Hegel’s analysis on human rights is met in his Philosophy of law. Hegel recognizes the significance of human rights, however, he rejects the circumstance which is for contemporary political morality fundamental: the institutional independence of human rights. Precisely for that reason Hegel’s account of freedom does not have a lot of sympathy among political philosophers today. But in Philosophy of law there is also another level of critique of human rights to be found. The whole chapter on morality could be read as the analysis of the difficulties of human rights which origins in its abstractness. In the paper the source of the content of human rights is indicated which unavoidably gets in the conflict to pre-existing world. On that account the human rights are unrealizable yet on the conceptual level. The failure of the human rights leads to the conclusion that the world is irreducibly defect and to the revision of the eschatological projects.
Keywords: human rights, G.W.F. Hegel, abstractness, philosophy of law
STUDIES
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Neonatal encephalopathy due to hypoxia-ischaemia (NE) is a commonly recognized cause of severe, long-term neurological sequelae in children. Milder hypoxiaischaemia can lead to minor disabilities which can manifest only later with agespecific cognitive abilities and demands while the motor deficits are not observed. As children with mild NE are usually discharged to regular care unless having some developmental concerns, they are treated as other healthy children. They manage primary and the secondary school with great eff ort and will and gross support of the family. Later at college, their learning disabilities become more evident. We have used prospective, observational study of an inception cohort of 16 adolescents, 7 girls (43,8%) and 9 (56,3%) boys, with mean age 21,69 years (SD=0,87), who were born with mean gestational age of 35,75 weeks (SD=3,80) and mean birthweight of 2644g (SD=815) and had neonatal NE compared to a gender and age-matched control of 16 healthy, medical students. We estimated the self-assessed health-related quality of life by using SF-36v2 questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem inventory and Unwholesome behaviour questionnaire. Measures of self-reported health status indicated that adolescents with NE suffer from a greater burden of morbidity. However, they rate their health-related quality of life (M=82; SD=6) the same as control adolescents (M=75; SD=6). Mental health of adolescents with NE was rated higher (p=0,026). Both adolescent groups rated their quality of life quite high and satisfactory. Unwholesome behaviours of NE adolescents, except for the over-eating (p=0,01), as well as self-esteem (p=0,68) do not distinguish from a healthy group.
Key words: quality of life, long-term follow up, hypoxia-ischaemia.
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Author shows how Križanić‘s theoretical concept of political theology became prerequisite that must be met in practice for the realization of the idea of Slavic unity. Križanić proceeds from the theological postulates of the foundation of political community, primarily taking Augustine‘s understanding of God‘s providence, but also his assumptions about God, who, as the centre of the whole of life and events, should be in the centre of every political community (state) as well. Th at postulate indicates Križanić‘s metaphysical position of political theology. Th e establishment of a political community (state) according to the principles that are based on the Biblical Alliance, are manifested in Križanić‘s thinking through development of the internal structure of the state which, if founded on these principles, becomes a major prerequisite of a fairly structured state. Križanić sees in Russia the possibility of building such a state, and when it is done Russia should help other Slavic people to free themselves of the yoke of foreign rulers and to found their own sovereign states on the same principles derived from political theology. In this way the concept of political theology becomes a prerequisite for the realization of the idea of Slavic unity.
Keywords: absolute monarchy, Daniel‘s prophecy, royal confession, Križanić, political theology, Slavdom.
TOPICAL
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The article provides a critical evaluation of the most recent situation in the immediate aftermath of the breakdown of the socialism of Bolshevik origin. The pancapitalist utopia and classless capitalism are two basic misconceptions of the neo-liberalistic development of the society undergoing a major crisis. Patently obvious is the consequence of the transformation of social-solidaristic categories into economical ones, at least as far as social services, health and educational system and the like are concerned. What appears of utmost importance here is the preservation of the notion of solidarity, which proves the reverse side of justice. Privatization has brought about unemployment and poverty. As Aristotle already declared, poverty is an evil, and desire for wealth stems from greed, which is also one of the evils. The dominance of economy over the whole of society and world situation has helped change globalization into something negative, i.e. globalism. The article strongly emphasizes that human being is not simply an appendix to economy; rather, one of the most crucial and most profound meanings of our existence is to create peace in the world, to pacify the world rather that measure it in millions of profit and capital. There is no peace and can be no peace without social peace!
Key words: pancapitalist utopia, classless capitalism, crisis of neoliberalism, poverty, evil, solidarity
REVIEWS
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