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Anthropos 3-4 (207-208) 2007
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
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Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain mental and psychological traits as the functional products of natural selection. Recently there has been a considerable development of such an approach also in the field of religion and religiosity. The key question that theorists try to answer is which evolutionary pressures have shaped humans and human communities in a way that they tend to develop and spread ideas about the existence of supernatural agents. Basic approaches and assumptions of the most important authors in the area are presented.
Keywords: Religion; Evolutionary Psychology, Sociobiology
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In this article we were interested in relationship of active internet users towards different aspects of cyberspace. For this purpose we constructed a questionnaire. Questions referred to internet use, net behaviour, online identity, decisions, stands and needs connected with cyberspace. Sample included 443 internet users. Because we want to get information only from participants who more or less frequently practice online activities, we published questionnaire online. The article presents only a part of research, which shows differences between group of Slovene and non-Slovene users. Findings indicates that non-Slovene participants in comparison to Slovenian ones, more frequently use internet to keep in touch with recent news and other information. Results shows that non-Slovene participants feel much more connected to Europeans and to the people from all over the world, since they frequently use internet. Fluid identities are presented in similar quantity in both groups. Because non-Slovenian participants actually lives and works in Slovenia, we did not expect significant differences between both groups, regarding their relationship to cyberspace.
Key words: internet use, national identity, social participation, online identity, fluid identity
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Social and social value orientations related to management, self-awareness and life style are among the most important social orientations in any cultural environment.
In the research, I was interested if the mentioned social interpretations differ considerably among groups of Slovenian and Non-Slovenian participants of the survey. Respondents have been consisted of six different groups of students (economy students, mechanical engineering students, management students, law students, sociology students and psychology students), which have been included in the survey. A total of 269 students have been questioned, of which 246 have been Slovenians and 23 Non-Slovenians. In the questionnaire I compiled together with my colleagues, I applied the Rockeach Value Scale, Hofstede’s Management Scale, Lerner’s questionnaire on the justness of the world and scales related to evaluations of management and management experience.
Results have shown that responses from Slovenian and Non-Slovenian respondents do not differ considerably in any summation dependable variable, while they differ considerably in the value preferences World of beauty and aesthetics, Equality of all people, Family security, Politeness and Intellectuality.
Key words: value orientations, management, management/managerial life style, justice awareness, nationality, Slovenians, Non-Slovenians
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Researches of national stereotypes have relatively long tradition in “social psychology”. In actual research, we tried to analyse mutual national perceptions between Slovene and Italian high school pupils from the Slovene harbour town Koper/ Capodistria near the Italian – Slovenian border. We were interested into question, which were/ are mutual national evaluations between Slovene and Italian (minority) pupils from Koper/ Capodistria and how perceived degree of realization of instrumental values is connected with evaluations of Slovenes/ Italians. Participants were 61 pupils from Slovene gymnasium from Koper/ Capodistria (the 4th y class, 21 males and 39 females) and 72 pupils from Italian gymnasium from Koper/ Capodistria (the 3rd and the 4th class, 16 males and 56 females). Mostly originally constructed questionnaire was applied, together with Rokeach list of values, evaluation of Slovenes and Italians, perceptions of similarity of each of both national groups with other nations and perceived degree of own psychosocial needs satisfaction. So in the case of Slovene, as in the case of Italian participants, we accepted null hypotheses so connecting main effects of two single factors (sex and target national groups), as connecting their interaction on evaluation of Slovenes or Italians.
Key words: national perceptions and stereotypes, evaluation of Slovenians and Italians, values, values, perceived degree of own psychosocial needs, Slovene and Italian participants.
PHILOSOPHY RESEARCH
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Author emphasises the theory of knowledge, e.g. creativity. Holism as a philosophical heritage defines theory as a cause-effected mind set of presumptions and facts in the contrast to analytical comprehension of theoretical and empirical clauses. Creativity is interpreted as s discontinuity from the “world for us” into the attainable “possible worlds”, were the creator defines limits of the feasible and achievable.
Key words: creativity, illogical, holism, anarchism, inconsistency, gaps
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Dworkin’s philosophy of law contains two parts: the conceptual and the normative one. In this article the main structure of his normative part will be presented, which is based on the principle of “equal concern and respect.” He develops it through the theoretical confrontation with the tradition of the classical natural law which is exposed to a fundamental critique. It will be shown that this critique violates its own premises and gets into numberless difficulties.
Dworkin calls his normative concept “liberal”, however, it is not based upon the notion of freedom, but upon the notion of equality: upon the principle of “equal concern and respect”. Dworkin’s exposition of this principle is profoundly ambivalent. He is on the one hand aware of all the traps of the traditional natural law, on the other hand, however, he believes, as an American legal patriot, that this principle is capable of reconciliation of all social antagonisms. Dworkin’s thought is postmodern and modern at the same time, and moreover, in some aspects he even comes near to the antic ideal of the perfect state.
Keywords: R. Dworkin, natural law, philosophy of law, political philosophy, hermeneutic
GENDER THEORY
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Male and female gender differentiate one from another. They both live on the same planet; because of that fact it is probably not possible to agree with the statement that man and women belong to entirely distinct worlds; but on account of distinctions, understanding between them is not idyllic and free of conflicts. Unfortunately – or fortunately…
Both men and women use language as one of the tools of communication. The aim of this paper is to answer the question do they (men and women) speak the same language the same way or if they don’t – what sort of differences occur and why. These questions are to be answered with the help of discoveries in the field of sociolingvistics.
Key words: communication, language, sociolingvistics, gender, sociolingvistic differences among male and female gender, stereotypes
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The basic premise of the old-fashioned rules of civilization and good manners, regulating the relations between sexes, from the past – the time of modern (enlightening) patriarchal (western) society, or patriarchal society in its last form – is, that a man is a subject (transcendence, freedom, activity), and a woman is a subject, that is an object for the male subject (immanence, non-freedom, passivity). But these rules are also connected to the biologistic understanding of sexual identity, biologism. Today, in the time of so-called postmodern, postpatriarchal society in its (until now) last form, we are witnessing the returning to the old-fashioned rules from the past, which is not simply the returning to the patriarchal. Does this mean also that it is also a matter of the refusal of biologism? As the text attempts to show – with reference also to the rules offered by the book Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus, a book that represents the number 1 between world’s bestsellers of its kind in last fifteen years –, the answer is no. And the whole matter is also looked at with reference to the lacanian psychoanalysis...
Key words: postmodern society, post patriarchal society, subjectivity, civilization and good manners, father’s authority, relationships between sexes, biologism, Lacan, lacanian psychoanalysis, Freud, critic of Freud, Irigaray, critic of Irigaray
PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE
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This article is devoted to the interchange and reception of ideas between two Russian thinkers Strakhov and Dostoevsky. Th e author attempts to bring the evidence of Strakhov’s influence on Dostoevsky. Snetova demonstrates that several fundamental ideas discussed in Dostoevsky’s creative work were perceived by him through his acquaintance with the early articles of Strakhov. The article proves, for example, that two concepts attracted the writer’s attention. These ideas were articulated by Strakhov in 1861. The first concept concerns the idea of the absolute free will. And the second one is the concept concerning the principal role of ideas in the life of man. Consequently, Dostoevsky began to develop these concepts in his works “Zapiski iz podpolia” (“Notes from Underground”), “Prestuplenie i nakazanie” (“Crime and Punishment”) and others.
Key words: Dostoevsky, Strakhov, ideas, relationship
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The problem of the interaction between the self and the other is quite relevant in the philosophy of the 20th century. From all variety of decisions of this problem, it is offered to mark out three approaches, three scripts of communication between the self and the other. In the first approach, the other challenges the identity of the self. According to it, the interaction between the self and the other is struggle for recognition. The second approach maintains that the original existence of the self can only be attained through a dialogue with the other; in this script, the other is understood as a “rescue”. Third approach affirms that the other is the aprioristic circuit which structures experience of the self and opens new prospects for vision; the other is understood as the possible world.
Key words: self, the other, communication, interaction
SYMPOSIUM "SLOVENIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY"
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This theoretical-methodological article deals with the presupposed content of some main notions and concepts concerning the research field of the so called national question. The author particularly considers two substantial adjectives in the Slovene language which have no exact, or have a questionable translation in English or in other languages. These adjectives are: narodni and nacionalni. They mostly correspond to the English notions ethnic and national, but not in every regard. The author points out the difference between the content and the terminological use of the two adjectives in humanistic and social sciences within the Slovenian scientific and specialist sphere. She believes that the richness of the Slovene language in relation to these adjectives enables Slovene scientists to apply more efficient research tools than that it is, or could be, the case, among their western colleagues. The last part of the article is dedicated to the terminological framework definition of the most important notions and syntagms within the research field of the Slovene national question, such as: Slovenes, Slovenia, Slovene national minorities and Slovene emigrants, Slovene language, or the practically untranslatable expressions: slovenstvo, slovenskost, which emphasize the Slovene substance of the mind and other matters concerning the main notions Slovenes and Slovenia.
Key words: identity, Slovene, Slovenes, Slovenia, “slovenstvo”, narodni/ethnic, national, terminology, methodology, dr. Rostohar
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This paper focuses on the topic of national identity which is often closely linked with language problems. They are nowadays an increasing cause of concern to many EU citizens, countries and institutions who are suffering from identity crises which is due to the EU enlargement and even more to its non-perspective language policy. In spite of all the EU’s declarations that multilingualism and language equality are its central values, its misplaced language policy is leading to the domineering position of major languages within the Union and to the growing dissatisfaction of numerous EU citizens. In several current documents the proposal to use a common international language, Esperanto, is being completely ignored even though Esperanto provides a relatively easy exit from current language dilemmas of the EU. A similar neglectful attitude towards Esperanto can be observed in Slovenia, where those in charge are not paying enough attention to this solution. Some other countries have already been considering the introduction of Esperanto into their primary schools or they have already started teaching it. For Slovenia this solution would be of particular importance as in this way the state would be able to solve the problem of foreign language teaching in a modern and efficient way, preserving at the same time all the values and achievements of our history and culture and, in particular, our national identity which is essential for our survival and development.
Key words: multilingualism, national identity, EU’s language policy, Esperanto – language for Europe, Esperanto in Slovenia
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Slovenia is now a part of bigger community; European Union. There is an absolutely different situation for its people and its culture. There is a great danger of losing its own national identity and diversity from the other national cultures in Europe.
So, it we do not wish to disappear as a nation, we must preserve our original national culture. Otherwise in a few decades we shall become maybe just interesting subject to investigate by scientists for forgotten cultures.
The danger of losing our national properties is much bigger than we can image. Our inhabitants must be familiar with several foreign languages and are forced to use them if they which to communicate with the other European people. The American culture imperialism is a danger to the rest of the world. In Europe Union the small nations are aware of the same and also the unintentional culture imperialism of the strongest European cultures (Countries). So, the national culture inheritance is the only key to stay as a nation also in the future. There is no time to lose. Small nations may not wait any longer if they do not want to be lost and forgotten.
Key words: European Union, private collections, Slovene culture, Slovene identity.
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Durch Globalisierungsprozesse werden nationale Identitäten vor neue Herausforderungen gestellt, die nur dann lösbar sind, wenn diese fähig sind, an der Bildung eigener Identitäten aktiv zu wirken. Wenn religiöse Erziehung bereit ist, sich kritischer Refl exion auszusetzen und aus der Vergangenheit zu lernen, kann Religion dabei eine tragende und konstruktive Rolle spielen. An Hand einer hermeneutischen Paraphrasierung der biblischen „Bundeslade“ kann eine jede Gemeinschaft und eine jede – somit auch die slowenische – Nation Schatzkiste von Ressourcen entdecken, wo Schlüsselereignisse und gemeinschaftsstiftende geschichtliche, kulturelle und religiöse Emotionen aufbewahrt sind. Damit allerdings diese Schätze unbelastet zu Wort kommen können, brauchen wir uns vor den „Reinigungsspiegel“ der Vergangenheit stellen. Erst eine intensive Katharsis wird uns vor Wiederholungen alter Fehler befreien und somit zuversichtlichen Blick in die Zukunft ermöglichen.
Schlüsselwörter: Identität, Globalisierung, Erziehung, religiöse Erziehung, Bundeslade, Versöhnung.
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The article discusses those elements in the biography of the former minister of foreign affairs of the CSR Jan Masaryk that are specifically related to Slovenia and Slovenes, and to Czech (Slovakian)-Slovene relations. With the aim to arouse the fighting spirit of his compatriots in the time of German occupation, Masaryk often referred to Slovenes in his speeches on the London radio and at two different occasions even recited lines from the Slovenian national anthem in the original Slovene wording. According to his biographer Vladimir Vaněk he learnt them by heart at the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, taking part - as a demobilized soldier - in a great national manifestation in Ljubljana when the official ties of the Slovene lands with the Hapsburg dynasty were severed and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was proclaimed. Later on he often remembered this event and recited the text of the anthem. Th e author also points out the role, played later on in connection to “Trieste question” by Masaryk and Vaněk - the former at the peace conference in Paris, where he supported Yugoslav claims on Trieste, the latter as a Czech diplomat in Rome. It can be inferred that the Vaněk’s “confidential” information about the imminent allied invasion on the Adriatic coast, signalled by his Yugoslav colleague to Belgrade at the beginning of March 1945, had a significant impact upon the speed of the Yugoslav march on Trieste and on the implementation of the second part of Šubašić-Tito agreement (appointment of the Royal regency and the forming of the coalition government) which could help implement Masaryk’s foreign policy concept of the so called “Zwischeneuropa” as a bridge between East and West.
Key words: Jan Masaryk, Tomaš Garrigue Masaryk, Vladimir Vaněk, Czechs, Slovenes, national anthem, Ljubljana, Trieste Question, WW I, WW II, Cold War
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TV Slovenia celebrates this year the fiftieth anniversary. Already in December1957, the archive of TV Slovenia has been founded. Today, it conserves very precious audio – visual documents about the events in Slovenia in the second half of the 20thcentury. This kind of materials is very sensible to outer influences and constantly exposed to the danger of destroying because of the chemical changes or mechanic damages. That’s why Archive of Slovenia, pays extreme attention to these materials/ documents consistently with Slovene laws, with the law about protection of Slovene heritage and law of protection of documentary and archive materials and archives, which determine conditions and responsibility for conservation of materials. This conservation is our duty for the future generation; as central mission of RTV Slovenia, we can proclaim conservation of national wealth, contained in archives, so as care for the Slovene language.
Key words: RTV Slovenia, archives, Department of archives and documentation of TV Slovenia, digitalization, cultural heritage, archive sciences, law of conservation of documentary and archive materials
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In the actual contribution about national identity and its co – relation with the development of the language and literature, the author of the article describes the developmental course of the Slovene language on the territory of the arrival of Alpine and Pannonia Slavs, from the linguistic forms in the time of oral literacy/literature, medieval literature, literature in the period of romantic, realism, of Slovene “moderna” and “post – moderna”, so as of identifi ed degree in the genesis of national literature, national and political consciousness and of their organized contemporary forms. Simultaneously, the author integrates verbal art productions of previous periods with the striving of Slovene and south – Slavic poets and writers for national and international affirmation in the time of romantic. With their multisided linguistic and literary, scientific and artistic nationally – affirming activities and particularly with national heroic poems they made the further development and the realization of this high goal in the second part of the 20th century possible.
Key words: Slovene language, literature, identity, literary creativity, Slovene literacy, oral Literary transmission, romantic period
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Anton Globočnik Sorodolski (1825-1912) was a “man who is tightly connected with Slovenian cultural and political history,” the Dom in svet newspaper wrote after his death in 1912. He was born to a successful ironmaster family Globočnik in Železniki. As a law student in Vienna between 1844 and 1848, he joined the Slovenian national movement. He was actively involved in a creation of Slovenian national program, founding of an association called “Slovenija” and discussions about national rights during the meeting of Slavic nations in May 1848 in Prague. His work and his emotions of turbulent year of 1848 Globočnik described in the essay “At 50th anniversary of Slovenian national consciousness. In memoriam of the 1848” published in the 1898 by the Museum association of Kranjska region. After his study in Vienna, Globočnik worked in local administrations of several towns in monarchy. His most respectful work was done in Postojna, where he began with the regulation of Postojna cave and its surroundings. This included a cave electricity and illumination, a pit railway and an alley in front of the entrance. Important contribution was also done in the stimulation of cave tourism. Beside the administration activities he was writing juridical and historical discussions. His most important historical works were the chronicle of Železniki, the research of Kranjska nobles and the numismatic study. As an active member and a leader of the Kranjska historical association he also gained the title of an honorary member. When he retired in the 1890, he was awarded a title of nobility by the emperor of Austria for his years of loyal service. He chose the name “Sorodolski” after the Selška Sora river which runs through his home town Železniki.
Key words: Anton Globočnik Sorodolski, Slovenian national movement, Slovenian national consciousness, association “Slovenia”, Postojna cave
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The work of Jan Masaryk concerning recognition of nations living in central European countries, in particular his eff orts carried out in the USA between the wars, continue to inspire the followers of his mission even today. Slovenia is among those countries which are constantly forced to “confirm” their national identities. Our eff orts in this direction are particularly acute at the present time of changes brought about by the globalization, when research seems to indicate that the national awareness of Slovenians is declining. Although the phenomenon is characteristic of the majority of EU member states, this does not diminish its significance.
Young people today are particularly affected by the process of migration across the national borders and as such sensitive to issues of social security. This is an important reason for the necessity of a national strategy of development in our country. In this process, however, we need to reach a consensus of both the professional and the general public, and to adjust accordingly our education system at all levels. In this way, most of the (young) people could be kept within the national borders, so that our country itself would profit from their energy and their ideas.
In the implementation of this strategy, one of the important aspects we should take into account is the distinctiveness of Slovenia as a unique and specific national entity. This aspect is very important for the strengthening of our national identity, because it is precisely the national distinctiveness that draws the line between individual nations. To be distinctive means to be different from others and, in the spirit of Jan Masaryk’s approach to this issue, to take ones place within a group as an entity that cannot be replaced by any other.
Key words: Masaryk, national identity, social development
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Trying to find a definition of a national character, in connection with national identity, leads us to choosing some sort of a common denominator. For the purpose of this essay, the author suggests to illustrate Slovenian character by the way the Slovenian people handle with freedom. Since 1991, when we established democracy, freedom and independence, many uncivilized acts appeared committed by politicians and ordinary people.
The level of hatred and intolerance is much higher as it was decades ago; Roma people are being banned from their places, handicapped people have to struggle for their rights, the poverty is steadily increasing. Finally, the rulings of the Constitutional Court are not respected, showing thus a specific anarchy and a lack of legality. The freedom is being perceived as unlimited freedom of an individual, regardless necessary respect for the freedom of another individual.
Key words: abuse of freedom, social margin, intolerance, human rights
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The name of Slovene Association T. G. Masaryk for philosophical anthropology, ethics and for social and humanistic sciences had been founded in autumn 1995. Up to year 2000, its first president and founder was dr. Vojan Rus, who, although association had a great success, in the 2000 withdrew from the known reasons. Association is the symbol and common integrative denominator of some basic Slovene identity characteristics, which are connected with the work, significance and roles of persons and organizations, like Rostohar, Plečnik, Slovene masaryks, Hawk, University of Ljubljana. Finally, they are connected also with some proved Masaryk’s political and social conceptions, as with the proved effects/ results of his historical work.
Key words: T. G. Masaryk, (national) identity, Slovene association T.G. Masaryk, Plečnik, masaryks, Hawk, Rostohar, University of Ljubljana, Masaryk’s concepts and work effects.
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Der Artikel Kocbeks Metaphysik des Slowenentums behandelt Kocbeks Ansichten über unser Volk, über das Auffassen von Sprache und Heimat und betont sein erlebnisartiges Herangehen, auf dessen Grundlage er sein Verstehen des Slowenentums vermittelt. Slowenentum bedeutet für ihn soviel wie Menschlichkeit. Kocbek beherrscht das Konkrete und weist unser traditionelles Unterliegen dem Universalismus zurück und betont gleichzeitig ein sachliches Lebensbewusstsein, einen entwickelten kosmischen Sinn, eine Verbundenheit mit dem unmittelbaren Leben an sich. Der Sinn für die Plastik des Lebens, die Souveränität des Lebens an sich muss die Grundlage für einen sachlichen politischen Willen bilden, der uns als Volk fehlt − wie er zu seiner Zeit feststellte. Im Nachkriegs-Jugoslawien sah er bereits 1945 keine Möglichkeit dafür, dass sich das slowenische Volksprogramm erfüllen könnte – weder in geographischer Hinsicht noch die politische Souveränität und die wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit betreffend.
Ungeachtet der Tatsache, dass das slowenische Volk ein kleines Volk ist, ist es doch zu politischer Tätigkeit fähig. Kocbek unterstützt die These nicht, dass kleine Völker lediglich zu kulturellem Schaff en fähig sind und ihnen volkspolitisches Handeln nicht zusteht. Die metaphysische Begründung des Slowenentums ist ein Begriff, der unter anderem Kocbeks Verständnis von Ethik und Politik begründet, vor allem in der Bedeutung, dass Politik immer nur Mittel ist und nicht Ziel, was bedeutet sich selbst Zweck. Seine Anthropologie der Politik führt uns deshalb zum Versuch des Beherrschens von ideologisch aufgefasster Politik über die geschichtliche Auffassung. Das Ideal unseres Dasein ist das Bewohnen der Welt als natürlichste Lebensausrichtung, welche die gegenwärtigen Entfremdungsprozesse erfolgreich beheben kann. Der Artikel betont, dass wir nach Kocbek als Volk dazu fähig sind, die Heimatlosigkeit des Daseins zu besiegen und die Heiligkeit des Daseins zu pflegen.
Schlüsselwörter: Edvard Kocbek, Philosophie des Lebens, Ethik, Anthropologie der Ethik, Metaphysik des Slowenentums.
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One of the questions which has not been properly answered by historians dealing with the First World War, surrounds the influence of Thomas G. Masaryk the first president of independent Czechoslovakia, on US president Woodrow Wilson. Especially important is the extent of Masaryk’s influence on Wilson, who had changed near to the end of the war his secret pro Habsburg position in favour of dissolution of Habsburg monarchy. Masaryk had among all the Slavic politicians of the time, the most prominent position. His personal influence and the fact that he married the daughter of well-known American industrialist Richard Crane, who was an intimate fellow of President Wilson, elevated his degree of influence with the Wilson administration, especially with issues concerning Austro- Hungary. Nevertheless, the relevant documents prove, that after the secret talks with Austria-Hungary to conclude separate peace failed, the leading US politicians especially Secretary of State Robert Lansing came to the conclusion that the dissolution of Austria-Hungary is necessity, by themselves. Nevertheless President Wilson persisted with the policy of tolerance of Austria-Hungary even in his famous 14-point Peace program announced in January 1918 where he indirectly proposed mere autonomy in the framework of empire for the various nations of empire, except for the Polish people. He had previously been very slow in changing towards on anti Habsburg policy. In June 1918 when Masaryk arrived to Washington D.C., Secretary of State Lansing already proposed to Wilson that Austria-Hungary should be dissolved. The fact of history is that Masaryk had during his stay in the USA (April to November 1918) important influence on the administration and President Wilson, especially affecting the American policy toward Austria-Hungary.
Masaryk had been keenly aware that was possible that Austria’s politicians could at the last moment try to save the monarchy with the introduction of an autonomy reform program based on Wilson’s Peace Plan. The fact is that Masaryk constantly urged Wilson that the monarchy should be dissolved and that its nations should be allowed autonomous and independent development. It would be unjust to ignore the influence of the Serbian envoy to USA Mihajlović and the well-known Polish politician and violinist Paderewski and various emigrant organizations, on the Wilson administration. The second important question regarding the dissolution of Austria-Hungary is Masaryk’s influence on other leading Entente members, especially Italy. The so called Secret Pact of London, which was signed in April 26 1915 between Italy and Entente member states, allowed Italy big chunks of Slovenian, Croatian, Albanian and even some Turkish territories, to be occupied at the end of war. Masaryk and his most trusted fellow politician Benes were not enthusiastic about this treaty having believed that Italy would step out of this secret treaty, after the war. When it became obvious that Italy insisted on its strict implementation, Masaryk told Slovenian politicians, that Italy should be rewarded for participation in the war and that the destiny of the Slovenians would be more jeopardized if the Central powers won the war. In essence, Masaryk defended this Treaty, under which Italy occupied around one third of Slovenian territories and forced nearly half a million Slovenians to live in Italy. At the same time the Czechoslovakian politicians advocated the policy which neglected the right to self-determination of Germans from the Sudeten lands in Czechoslovakia. Masaryk aligned himself with Italian policy primarily because the Italian government allowed the setup of so called Czech legions in Italy which consisted of Czech and Slovak solders who deserted the Austro-Hungarian army. Italy became one of the most important Czechoslovak allies at the end of the war, at the same time she was the worst enemy of the new Yugoslav state. Especially foreign Minister of Italy Sonino, advocated the implementation of the Pact of London in full. Masaryk influence on American politicians was overall very positive, but his attitude toward Slovenians which fell victim to the imperialistic conditions of the London pact, was largely biased and unfounded.
Key words: Wilson’s Peace Plan, dissolution of Austria-Hungary, Masaryk’s influence on Wilson, war aims of Entente, war volunteers – dobrovoljci, Carzan affair, The Pact of London, separate peace with Austria-Hungary, Versailles Peace conference in Versailles, right to self- determination, Czech legions.
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Majority of professional views perceive one – sided identity of nations as non – dynamic, as absolutely constant. Contrary to that, in the actual study, I depart from exceptionally dynamic human creativity, which, socially projected, causes, that all national identities are multi – level and integrated into different national very oscillating syntheses. Because of urbanization and technological revolutions in the 20th centuries, the new and above all subjective factors of national identity have appeared: in the same time, numerous sociologists remained only on basic factors of identity from the 19th century. All these factors in the study are in my study defined in details with the empirical proofs.
In the second part of the study, I analyse historical bases of Slovene national identity. Slovene people have more realistic views on these bases than our ideologists. The great majority of Slovenes (of Hawks, Catholics, partisans) already 77 years together successfully construct Slovene identity. Slovene national anthem with the name “Zdravljica” (author was poet Prešern), is one of the most important poems in the all history of the mankind, because it as a prophecy predicted the biggest change of the mankind in the 20th century:
liberation of the nations in the whole mankind. In the First World War T. G. Masaryk gave the decisive contribution for the identity of all Slavic nations, indirectly also for Slovenians. Before the year 1941 there were two very important creators of the new, antifascist identity of Slovene people/ nation: In “Primorska” it was “Zbor svečenikov sv. Pavla” (Assembly of the priests of Saint Paul) and in “Dravska banovina” it was the organization “Hawk” as the most numerous organization of the Liberation front. The most important historical event in the formation of Slovene identity was the foundation of the Liberation front of Slovene nation in April 26 in the year 1941. It is expressively autonomous, independent act of Slovene nation and not at all the product of Kominterna.
The main historical basis of the passage to parliament democracy is big Slovene democratic movement in the years 1964 – 72. Slovene political left in the years 1960 – 1988, alone, without the help from the side of others, tried harder for Slovene autonomy/ independence in the battle again yugo – centralism. All agreed with the passage from the self – management to the parliament system in the years 1990/ 91: Neither Slovene political centre nor Slovene left and right and no Slovene political group subordinated to the aggressive Yugoslav yugo – centralism. Extraordinary innovative acts for realization of total Slovene state independency in the years 1990/ 91 were: 1. coordination of “Demos” government up to the June 1991, 2. armed resistance to the yugo – army and 3. sanitation of the Slovene economy after the year 1991.
Key words: dynamic national identity; basic and subjective factors of national identity; Slovene nation; Prešern’s “Zdravljica”; Zbor svečenikov sv. Pavla (Assembly of the priests of saint Paul); Hawk; Liberation front of Slovene nation; innovative acts of Slovene state after the year 1991
REVIEW
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