DEAD PRELITERATE MEDIA
Prehistoric etched-bone mnemonic devices and lunar calendars.
Preliterate clay tokens of Fertile Crescent area.
The Luba Lukasa mnemonic bead-tablet.
The Inuit Inuksuit.
Inuit carved maps.
String and yarn-based mnemonic knot
systems: Incan quipu, Tlascaltec nepohualtzitzin, Okinawan warazan,
Bolivian chimpu, Samoan, Egyptian,
Hawaiian, Tibetan, Bengali, Formosan; American wampum, Zulu beadwork.
DEAD SOUND-TRANSFER NETWORKS
Drumming, stentor shouting networks, alpenhorns, whistling networks, town criers.
SMOKE DISPLAYS AND NETWORKS
Signal fires, smoke signals (still
in use by Vatican), fire beacons.
Skywriting.
DEAD PHYSICAL TRANSFER NETWORKS
Egyptian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian,
Mongol, Roman and Chinese imperial horse posts.
Extinct mail and postal systems:
Thurn and Taxis (1550 AD), Renaissance Italian banking networks, early
espionage networks, German butcher's-post,
Chinese hongs, Incan runners, US Pony Express, etc etc.
Balloon post (France 1870-1871)
American guided missile mail (1959),
Styrian, Tongan, German, Dutch, American,
Indian, Australian, Cuban and Mexican rocket mail.
Russian rocket mail (1992).
Pneumatic transfer tubes:
Josiah Latimer Clark stock exchange
pneumatic system London (1853); R.S. Culler/R. Sabine radial pneumatic
telegraph/mail system London (1859); Paris pneumatic mail system (1868)
Norwegian mountainside transport wires.
Pigeon post: Egyptian Caliphate 1100s,
Mameluke Empire 1250's, military sieges of: Acre (11--?), Candia 1204,
Haarlem 1572, Leyden 1575, Antwerp 1832, Paris 1870-1871;
Reuter's pigeon stock-price network
1849, military pigeoneers of World War 1.
Chinese kite messages, 1232 AD
DEAD OPTICAL NETWORKS
Roman light telegraph;
Polybius's torch telegraph ca 150
BC
Moundbuilder Indian signal mounds
Babylonian fire beacons
Fire signals on the Great Wall of
China
Amontons' windmill signals (1690)
OPTICAL TELEGRAPHY:
Johannes Trithemius's Steganographia
(ca 1500?)
Dupuis-Fortin optical telegraph (France
1788)
Chappe's "Synchronized System" and
"Panel Telegraph" (France 1793)
Claude Chappe's French Optical Telegraph
(France 1793)
The Vigigraph (France 1794)
Edelcrantz's Swedish Optical Telegraph
(1795)
British Admiralty Optical Telegraph
(1795)
Bergstrasser's German Optical Telegraph
(1786)
Chudy's Czech Optical Telegraph (the
Fernschreibmaschine) (1796)
Van Woensel's Dutch system (1798)
Fisker's Danish Optical Telegraph
(1801)
Grout's American Optical Telegraph
(1801)
Olsen's Norwegian Optical Telegraph
(1808)
Abraham Chappe's Mobile Optical Telegraph
(1812)
Parker's American Optical Telegraph
(ca 1820)
Curacao Optical Telegraph (1825-1917)
Watson's British Optical Telegraph
(1827)
Australian Optical Telegraph (Watson
system) (1827)
Lipken's Dutch system (1831)
O'Etzel's German Optical Telegraph
(1835)
Schmidt's German Optical Telegraph
(1837)
Ferrier's optical telegraph (1831)
Russian Optical Telegraph (1839,
Chappe system)
Spanish Optical Telegraph (ca 1846)
San Francisco Optical Telegraph (1849)
Ramstedt's Finnish Optical Telegraph
(1854)
Heliography:
The Mance Heliograph (Britain 1860s)
The heliostat, the heliotrope, the
helioscope.
The Babbage Occulting Telegraph (never
built)
Semaphore and flag signals:
Byzantine naval code (Byzantium AD
900), Admiralty Black Book code (England 1337), de la Bourdonnais code
(France 1738), de Bigot code (France 1763), Howe code (Britain 1790), Popham
code aka Trafalgar Code (Britain 1803, 1813) US Army Myer Code semaphore
(USA 1860).
Military balloon semaphore (France
1790s).
Early 20th Century electric searchlight spectacles.
DEAD ELECTRICAL TRANSFER NETWORKS
ELECTRICAL CURRENT TRANSFER
George Louis Lesage / Charles Morrison
electric telegraph (1774)
Francisco Salva's Madrid-Aranjuez
electric telegraph (1796)
Soemmering's electrolytic bubble-letter
telegraph (1812)
Henry's electromagnetic telegraph
(1831)
Baron Schilling's Russian magnetized
needle telegraph (1832)
Gauss/Weber mirror galvanometer telegraph
(1833)
CODED ELECTRICAL TRANSFER
Samuel Morse telegraph (patented 1837)
Karl August Steinhill paper ribbon
telegraph (1837)
Charles Wheatstone / William Fothergill
Cooke Five-Needle Telegraph (1837)
The Alphabetical Telegraph
Foy-Breguet Chappe-code Electrical
Telegraph
The Bain Chemical Telegraph (1848)
Alexandr Bain automatic perforated-tape
transmitters (1864).
Telex.
CODED ELECTRICAL TRANSFER OF IMAGES
Elisha Gray's telautograph (1886); the telescriber.
The Vail telegraphic printer (1837),
the House telegraphic printer (1846)
Frederick Bakewell's shellac conducting
roller (1848)
Giovanni Caselli's fascimile pantelegraph
(Paris-Lyon 1865-1870); Arthur Korn's telephotography (1907), Edouard Belin's
Belinograph (1913), Alexander Muirhead's 1947 fax.
ELECTRICAL TRANSFER OF SOUND
Unorthodox telephony networks and
devices: The Bliss toy telephone (1886), Telefon Hirmondo, Cahill's Telharmonium
(1895), Bell's photophone, the Telephone Herald of Newark, Electrophone
Ltd. wire broadcast
Telephonic Jukeboxes: The Shyvers
Multiphone, the Phonette Melody Lane, the AMI Automatic Hostess, the Rock-Ola
Mystic Music System
ELECTRICAL TRANSFER OF SOUND AND IMAGE
(Dead Telephony)
The AT&T Nipkow disk picturephone
(1927), Gunter Krawinkel's video telephone booth (Germany 1929), Reichspost
picturephone (Germany 1936), AT&T Picturephone, AT&T Videophone
2500, etc
(Dead Mechanical Television)
Baird Television; Baird Noctovision;
Baird Telelogoscopy; The General Electric Octagon; the Daven Tri-Standard
Scanning Disc; the Jenkins W1IM Radiovisor Kit, the Jenkins Model 202 Radiovisor,
Jenkins Radio Movies; the Baird Televisor Plessey Model, the Baird Televisor
Kit; the Western Television Corporation Visionette
(Dead Color Television Formats):
Baird Telechrome, HDTV, PALplus letterbox
format, etc
(Dead Interactive Television)
Zenith Phonevision, the first pay-per-view
TV service (1951).
AT&T wirephoto (1925)
DEAD DIGITAL NETWORKS
Teletext, Viewtron, Viewdata, Prestel, The Source, Qube, Alex (Quebec), Telidon (Canada), Viatel and Discovery 40 (Australia), the ICL One-Per-Desk, etc.
TRANSFERS BY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
(Dead Television)
Nipkow disk (1884), Zworykin iconoscope
(1923), Farnsworth Dissector.
Hugo Gernsback's Nipkow television
broadcasts (1928)
(Microwaves)
Microwave relay drone aircraft (Canada
1990s)
(Radio)
RCA radiophoto (1926)
DEAD INK-BASED MEDIA
(dead text production devices and systems)
Typewriters: Henry Mill's device (1714)
Pingeron's machine for the blind (1780), Burt's Family Letter Press (1829),
Xavier Progin's "Machine Kryptographique" (1833), Guiseppe Ravizza's
"Cembalo-Scrivano" (1837), Charles Thurber's "Chirographer" (1843), Sir
Charles Wheatstone's telegraphic printers (1850s), J B. Fairbanks' "Phonetic
Writer and Calico Printer," Giuseppe Devincenzi's electric writing
machine (1855)
Edison electric typewriter (1872),
Bartholomew's Stenograph (1879) Schulz Auto-typist punch-paper copier typewriter
(1927) Weir's pneumatic typewriter (1891), Juan Gualberto Holguin's 'Burbra'
pneumatic typewriter
(1914), The IBM Selectric, etc.
Dead copying devices:
James Watt's ink copier (1780)
The aniline dye copy press
The hektograph
Edison's Electric Pen stencil (1876),
the Edison pneumatic pen stencil, the Edison foot-powered pen stencil,
the Music Ruling pen stencil, the Reed pen stencil
Zuccato's Trypograph (1877)
Gestetner's Cyclostyle (1881)
The Edison Mimeograph (1887)
The Gammeter, aka Multigraph (circa
1900)
The Vari-Typer
Chinese imperial court printed newspaper
(circa 618 AD);
Beijing city printed newspaper (748
AD)
Bi Sheng's clay movable type (1041
AD)
DEAD SOUND-CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
Extinct forms of dictation machine.
Poulsen's telegraphon wire recorder
(1893)
The Wilcox-Gay Coin Recordio (1950?)
DEAD SOUND ARCHIVAL TECHNIQUES
Extinct phonographic formats: Leon
Scott de Martinville phono-autograph, Edison tinfoil cylinder, Edison wax
cylinder, the Bettini Micro-Phonograph,
the telegraphone, Bell's graphophone, The Columbia Graphophone Grand, the
Edison Concert Grand Phonograph, the Pathe' Salon cylinder, the Edison
Blue Amberol cylinder, the Edison vertical-groove disc phonograph, the
Michaelis Neophone, wire recorders, 78s, 8-track tape, 2-track Playtape,
the Elcaset, Soviet "bone music," aluminum transcription disks, etc.
DEAD SOUND REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES:
The AT&T Voder (1939)
The Bell Labs Vocoder Talking dolls
and cassette dolls (von Kempelen's "talking" doll (1778), Robertson's talking
waxwork (1815), Faber's talking automaton (1853), Teddy Ruxpin, dolls linked
to television programs, realistic sound-producing squeeze toys, etc).
DEAD STILL-IMAGE CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
Extinct photographic techniques: Niepce's
asphalt photograph (1826), daguerrotype, talbotype, calotype,
collodion, fluorotype, cyanotype,
Pellet process, ferro- gallic and ferro-tannic papers, albumen process,
argenotype, kalliotype, palladiotype,
platinotype, uranium printing, powder processes, pigment printing, Artigue
proces, oil printing, chromotype,
Herschel's breath printing, diazotype, pinatype, wothlytype, etc.
DEAD STILL-IMAGE TO TACTILE IMAGE TECHNOLOGY
Naumburg's printing visagraph and automatic visagraph.
DEAD STILL-IMAGE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
The stereopticon, the Protean View, the Zogroscope, the Polyorama Panoptique, Frith's Cosmoscope, Knight's Cosmorama, Ponti's Megalethoscope (1862), Rousell's Graphoscope (1864), Wheatstone's stereoscope (1832), dead Viewmaster knockoffs.
Medieval and renaissance magic-glass
conjuring.
Alhazen's camera obscura (1000 AD),
Wollaston's camera lucida (1807).
Magic lantern, dissolving views
Phantasmagoria: Robertson's Fantasmagorie,
Seraphin's Ombres Chinoises, Guyot's smoke apparitions,
Philipstal's phantasmagoria, Lonsdale's
Spectrographia, Meeson's phantasmagoria, the optical
eidothaumata, the Capnophoric Phantoms,
Moritz's phantasmagoria, Jack Bologna's Phantoscopia, Schirmer and Scholl's
Ergascopia, De Berar's Optikali Illusio, Brewster's catadioptrical phantasmagoria,
Pepper's Ghost, Messter's Kinoplastikon.
Biddall's Phantospectraghostodrama and similar "fairground bogeys."
Riviere's Theatre d'Ombres.
DEAD STILL-IMAGE "3-D" WITH SOUND
The Talking View-Master.
DEAD MULTIPLE-IMAGE PERSISTENCE-OF-VISION TECHNOLOGIES
Joseph Plateau's phenakistiscope (1832), Emile Reynaud's praxinoscope, Ayrton's thaumatrope or "magic disks" (1825), Stampfer's stroboscope, William George Horner's zoetrope or "wheel-of-life" (1834), L. S. Beale's choreutoscope (1866), the viviscope, Short's Filoscope, Herman Casler's mutoscope and the "picture parlor" (1895), the Lumiere Kinora viewer and Kinora camera, the fantascope, etc.
Dead cinematic devices, including
but not limited to: Muybridge's zoogyroscope, E J Marey's chronophotographe
and fusil photographique, George Demeny's Phonoscope, Edison kinetoscope,
Anschutz's Electro-Tachyscope, Armat's vitascope, Rudge's biophantascope,
Skladanowsky's Bioscope, Acre's kineopticon, the counterfivoscope, the
klondikoscope, Paul's theatrograph, Reynaud's Theatre
Optique, Reynaud's Musee Grevin Cabinet
Fantastique, Lumiere cinematographe, Kobelkoff's Giant Cinematographe,
Lumiere Cinematographe Geant (1900), the vitagraph, Paul's animatograph,
the vitamotograph, the Kinesetograph, Proszynski's Oko, the Urbanora, the
Prague Laterna Magika.
DEAD MULTIPLE-IMAGE, PERSISTENCE-OF-VISION,
SOUND
TECHNOLOGIES
the Photo-Cinema-Theatre sound film system (1900), Gaumont's Chronophone (1910), Messter's Biophon (1904), The Mendel-Walturdaw cinematophone (1911), The Jeapes- Barker Cinephone (1908), Hepworth's Vivaphone (1911), Edison kinetophone (1913), Ruhmer's Photographon optical sound recorder (1901), the synchronoscope, the cameraphone, phonofilm, the graphophonoscope, the chronophotographoscope, the biophonograph, DeForest Phonofilm (1923), Warner Bros/ Western Electric Vitaphone (1926), Fox Movietone (1927), Vocafilm, Firnatone, Bristolphone, Titanifrone, Disney's Cinephone, Hoxie / RCA Photophone (1928), General Electric Kinegraphone (1925), Cinerama (1951), CinemaScope (1952), Natural Vision (1952), etc.
The Scopitone.
DEAD MULTIPLE-IMAGE, PERSISTENCE-OF-VISION, IMMERSIVE
Raoul Grimoin-Sanson's Ballon-Cineorama ten-projector circular screen (1900)
DEAD MULTIPLE-IMAGE, PERSISTENCE-OF-VISION,
SOUND, SMELL
Odorama, Smell-O-Vision (1960), Aromarama
(1959) etc.
DEAD MULTIPLE-IMAGE, PERSISTENCE-OF-VISION,
SOUND, SMELL, IMMERSIVE
Morton Heilig's early virtual reality.
DEAD MULTIPLE-IMAGE, PERSISTENCE-OF-VISION, "3-D"
Devignes's stereoscopic zoetrope (1860)
Stereoscopic phenakistoscopes: Seller's Kinematoscope
(1861), Shaw's stereoscopic phenakistiscope
(1860) Bonelli and Cook's microphotograph stereo-phenakistiscope
(1863), Wheatstone's stereoscopic viewer (c. 1870)
3-D projection systems: d'Almeida's
projected 3-D magic lantern slides (1856), Heyl's Phasmatrope (1870),
Grivolas's stereoscopic moving pictures
(1897), the Fairall anaglyph process (1922), Kelly's Plasticon (1922),
Ives and Leventhall's Plastigram, aka Pathe Stereoscopiks, aka Audioscopiks,
aka Metroscopix (1923,1925, 1935, 1953), Teleview (New York
1922), polarized light stereoscopic movies (1936), Ivanov's parallax
stereogram projector (Moscow 1941), Savoy's Cyclostereoscope (Paris
1949), the Telekinema
(London 1951), Space Vision (Chicago
1966).
DEAD MULTIPLE-IMAGE, PERSISTENCE-OF-VISION, SOUND, ARCHIVAL
Dead video: Baird Phonovisor wax videodisk
(1927), Ives/Bell Labs Half-Tone Television (1930s)
Eidophor video projector (1945),
PixelVision, Polavision, Philips Laservision videodisk, Panasonic
HDTV
(1974), McDonnell Douglas Laserfilm
Videodisc (1984), analog HDTV (1989), RCA SelectaVision CED videodisk,
Telefunken Teldec Decca TeD videodisk, TEAC system videodisk, Philips
JVC VHD/AHD videodisk
Dead videotapes: Ampex Signature
I (1963), Sony CV B/W (1965), Akai 1/4 inch B/W & Colour (1969),
Cartivision/Sears (1972) Sony U-Matic
(197?), Sony-Matic 1/2" B/W (197?) EIAJ-1 1/2" (197?), RCA Selectavision
Magtape (1973) Akai VT-100 1/4 inch portable (1974), Panasonic Omnivision
I (1975),
Philips "VCR" (197?), Sanyo V-Cord,
V-Cord II (197?) Akai VT-120 (1976), Matsushita/Quasar VX (1976)
Philips & Grundig Video 2000
(1979), Funai/Technicolor CVC (1984) Sony Betamax
DEAD VIRTUALITIES
Physical display environments (non-immersive):
Dioramas (no sound), de Loutherbourg's
Eidophusikon (sound and lighting) (1781), the Stereorama, the
Cosmoramic Stereoscope, Mechanical
drama: Japanese karakuri puppet theatre Heron's Nauplius.
Dead thrill rides.
Immersive physical display environments
Panoramas, Poole's Myriorama, the
Octorama, the Diaphorama, Cycloramas, the Paris Mareorama (1900).
Defunct digital VR systems.
DEAD DATA-RETRIEVAL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS
accountant tally sticks Card catalogs:
The Indecks Information Retrieval System, Diebold Cardineer rotary
files, etc. Vannevar Bush's Comparator and Rapid Selector Scott's Electronium
music composition system
DEAD COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGY (ANALOG)
Extinct computational platforms:
abacus (circa 500BC Egypt, still in
wide use)
saun-pan computing tray (200 AD China)
soroban computing tray (200 AD Japan)
Napier's bones (1617 Scotland),
William Oughtred's slide rule (1622
England) and other slide rules,
Wilhelm Schickard's calculator (1623
?)
Blaise Pascal's calculating machine
(1642 France)
Schott's Organum Mathematicum (1666)
Gottfried Liebniz's calculating machine
(1673)
Charles Babbage's Difference Engine
(built 1990s) (1822 England)
Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine
(never built) (1833 England)
Scheutz mechanical calculator (1855
Sweden)
The Thomas Arithmometer
Hollerith tabulating machine (1890)
Vannevar Bush differential analyzer
(1925 USA)
DEAD COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGY (DIGITAL)
The Cauzin Strip Reader (archival)
Extinct game platforms:
Actionmax Video System, Adam Computer
System, Aquarius Computer System, Atari: 2600/5200/7800,
Colecovision, GCE Vectrex Arcade
System, Intellivision I/II/III, Odyssey, Commodore, APF, Bally Astrocade,
Emerson Arcadia, Fairchild "Channel F," Microvision, RCA Studio II, Spectravision,
Tomy Tutor, etc.
DEAD BINARY DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Konrad Zuse's Z1 computer (1931 Germany)
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939 USA)
Turing's Colossus Mark 1 (1941 England)
Zuse's Z3 computer (1941 Germany)
Colossus Mark II (1944 England)
IBM ASCC Mark I (1944 USA)
BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer)
(1946-1949 USA)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer)
(1946 USA)
Dead mainframes.
Dead personal computers:
Altair 8800, Amiga 500, Amiga 1000, Amstrad Apple I, II, II+, IIc, IIe, IIGS, III Apple Lisa, Apple Lisa MacXL, Apricot Atari 400 and 800 XL, XE, ST, Atari 800XL, Atari 1200XL, Atari XE Basis 190, BBC Micro, Bondwell 2, Cambridge Z-88 Canon Cat, Columbia Portable Commodore C64, Commodore Vic-20, Commodore Plus 4 Commodore Pet, Commodore 128 CompuPro "Big 16," Cromemco Z-2D, Cromemco Dazzler, Cromemco System 3, DOT Portable, Eagle II Epson QX-10, Epson HX-20, Epson PX-8 Geneva Exidy Sorcerer, Franklin Ace 500, Franklin Ace 1200 Gavilan, Grid Compass, Heath/Zenith, Hitachi Peach Hyperion, IBM PC 640K, IBM XT, IBM Portable IBM PCjr, IMSAI 8080, Intertek Superbrain II Ithaca Intersystems DPS-1, Kaypro 2x, Linus WriteTop, Mac 128, 512, 512KE Mattel Aquarius, Micro-Professor MPF-II Morrow MicroDecision 3, Morrow Portable NEC PC-8081, NEC Starlet 8401-LS, NEC 8201A Portable, NEC 8401A, NorthStar Advantage, NorthStar Horizon Ohio Scientific, Oric, Osborne 1, Osborne Executive Panasonic, Sanyo 1255, Sanyo PC 1250 Sinclair ZX-80, Sinclair ZX-81 Sol Model 20, Sony SMC-70, Spectravideo SV-328, Tandy 1000, Tandy 1000SL, Tandy Coco 1, Tandy Coco 2 Tandy Coco 3, TRS-80 models I, II, III, IV, 100, Tano Dragon, TI 99/4, Timex/Sinclair 1000 Timex/ Sinclair color computer, Vector 4 Victor 9000, Workslate Xerox 820 II, Xerox Alto, Xerox Dorado, Xerox 1108 Yamaha CX5M etc. etc. etc.
Dead computer languages.
Fortran I, II and III, ALGOL 58 and
60, Lisp 1 and 1.5 COBOL, APT, JOVIAL, SIMULA I and 67 JOSS, PL/1, SNOBOL,
APL
Dead operating systems.
Dead Internet techniques.
Bruce Sterling (bruces@well.com)
Jan 18, 1997
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