Speed skating , or speedskating is a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in traveling a certain distance on skates . Hitro drsanje, ali speedskating je konkurenèna oblika drsanje, v katerem konkurentov rase med seboj na potovanje na doloèeni razdalji drsalka. Types of speed skating are long track speed skating , short track speed skating , and marathon speed skating . Vrste Hitrostno drsanje so dolgi skoki, hitrostno drsanje na kratke proge, ter hitrostno drsanje na maratonu. In the Olympic Games, long track speed skating is usually referred to as just "speed skating", while short track speed skating is known as "short track". ^{[ 1 ]} The ISU, the governing body of both ice sports, refers to long track as "speed skating" and short track as "short track speed skating". Na olimpijskih igrah, hitrostno drsanje na dolge proge, je navadno imenuje samo "Hitrostno drsanje", medtem ko je hitrostno drsanje na kratke proge, znane kot "kratkih poti". ^[1] ISU, upravnega organa obeh športnih ledu, se nanaša na dolgi skladbo kot "Hitrostno drsanje" in kratke proge kot "hitrostno drsanje na kratke proge."

meni:

dirkaska

zgodovina

isu razvoj

elfstedentocht

Maraton Hitrostno drsanje

Ice marathon races, also known as packstyle races, are long-distance races with mass start, where the first to complete a set number of laps wins (on an oval), or the first to the finish line wins (in case of outdoor races, such as the Elfstedentocht ). Ice maraton dirke, znan tudi kot packstyle dirke, so dolge dirke z maso zaèetek, kjer je najprej izpolniti doloèeno število krogov zmag (v oval), ali prva zmaga èrto konèal (v primeru zabavnih dirk , kot je Elfstedentocht).

Marathon races are not officially governed by the International Skating Union , but the Dutch skating federation organises races both in the Netherlands and abroad, due to the lack of natural ice nowadays in the Netherlands. Maraton dirke niso uradno ureja International Skating Unije, vendar pa nizozemski drsanje zveze organizira dirke tako na Nizozemskem in v tujini, zaradi pomanjkanja naravnega ledu danes na Nizozemskem.

Dirkaška

Racing can be done with individual start, as in long track speed skating, or in time trial races of inline skating, where a maximum of four skaters start at the same time. Racing je mogoèe storiti s posameznimi zaèetka, v dolgi skoki, ali v èasu dirke sojenje inline skating, kjer je najveè štiri drsalec zaènejo ob istem èasu. Skaters are timed, and the times are compared at the end. Drsalec so èasovno, in èas se primerjajo na koncu. Races may also be held with a mass start, as is done in marathon ice speed skating, marathon skating, tour skating, short track skating or in most roller skating events. Dirke lahko tudi z maso zaèetek, kot je to narejeno v maratonu Hitrostno drsanje na ledu, drsanje maraton, drsanje turnejo, drsanje na kratke proge ali v veèini rolanje dogodkov. The first skater to cross the finish line wins hi though there may be a series of eliminating heats, where finishing among the top fraction of the participants is enough to advance in the competition. Prvi drsalec preèkati èrto zmage konèa halo, èeprav lahko obstaja vrsta odpravljanja ogreva, kjer je konèna med top del udele¾encev je dovolj za napredovanje v konkurenci.

There are variations on the mass-start races. Obstajajo razlike na masi-start dirke. In the regulations of roller sports, eight different types of mass starts are described. V predpisih za športe na kolešèkih, so opisane osem razliènih vrst mase zaène. Among them are elimination races, where one or more competitors are eliminated at fixed points during the course; simple distance races, which may include preliminary knockout races; endurance races with time limits instead of a fixed distance; points races ; and individual pursuits . Med njimi so odprava dirke, ko se eno ali veè konkurenti, odpravijo pri fiksnih toèk v letu, preprosto razdaljo dirke, ki lahko vkljuèuje predhodne Knockout dirke; vzdr¾ljivosti dirke z roki, namesto da bi doloèene razdalje; toèk dirke in posameznih udejstvovanje.

Races usually have some rules about disqualification if an opponent is unfairly hindered; these rules vary between the disciplines. Dirke so navadno nekatera pravila o prepovedi, èe je nasprotnik krivièno oviran; ta pravila razlikujejo med disciplinami. In long track speed skating, almost any infringement on the pairmate is punished, though skaters are permitted to change from the inner to the outer lane out of the final curve if they are not able to hold the inner curve, as long as they are not interfering with the other skater. V dolgi skoki, je skoraj vse kršitve na pairmate kaznovan, èeprav so drsalec dovoljeno spreminjati od notranjega do zunanjega pasu iz konène krivulje, èe jih ne morejo imeti notranjo krivuljo, dokler niso posega z drugimi drsalec. In mass-start races, skaters will usually be allowed some physical contact. V maso-start dirke bo drsalec obièajno bo dovoljeno nekaj fizièni stik.

Team races are also held; in long track speed skating, the only team race at the highest level of competition is the team pursuit , though athletics-style relay races are held at children's competitions. Team dirke so prav tako potekala, v dolgi skoki, samo dirka ekipa na najvišji ravni konkurence, je ekipa zasledovanje, atletika, èeprav so dirke slog štafeta potekala na tekmovanjih za otroke. Relay races are also held in short track and inline competitions, but here, exchanges may take place at any time during the race, though exchanges may be banned during the last couple of laps. Relay dirke potekajo tudi na kratke proge in inline tekmovanja, vendar tukaj, se lahko izmenjave potekajo kadarkoli med dirko, èeprav se lahko izmenjave prepovedano v zadnjih nekaj krogov.

Most races are held on an oval course, but there are exceptions. Veèina dirk je potekala na oval teèaj, vendar pa obstajajo izjeme. Oval sizes vary; in short track speed skating, the rink must be an oval of 111.12 metres, while long track speed skating uses a similarly standardized 400 m rink. Oval velikosti razlikujejo, v hitrostno drsanje na kratke proge, mora biti ovalne Rink za 111,12 metrov, medtem ko dolgi skoki uporablja podobno standardizirane 400 m Rink. Inline skating rinks are between 125 and 400 metres, though banked tracks can only be 250 metres long. Inline skating rinks se gibljejo med 125 in 400 metrov, èeprav lahko nagne skladbe le 250 metrov. Inline skating can also be held on closed road courses between 400 and 1,000 metres, as well as open-road competitions where starting and finishing lines do not coincide . Inline skating lahko potekajo tudi v zaprtih teèaji cesti med 400 in 1.000 metrov, kot tudi odprto-road tekmovanjih, kjer se zaène in konèa vrstice ne ujemajo. This is also a feature of outdoor marathons. To je tudi funkcija na prostem maratoni.

In the Netherlands, marathon competitions may be held on natural ice on canals, lakes or rivers, but may also be held on artificially frozen 400 m tracks, with skaters circling the track 100 times, for example. Na Nizozemskem se lahko maraton potekajo tekmovanja, od naravnih ledu na kanalih, jezer ali rek, vendar pa lahko potekajo tudi na umetno zamrznjeno 400 m tirov s drsalec kro¾ni progi 100-krat, na primer.

 Zgodovina

The roots of speed skating date back over a millennium to Scandinavia , Northern Europe and the Netherlands , where the natives added cake to their shoes and used them to travel on frozen rivers, canals and lakes. Korenine Hitrostno drsanje segajo veè kot tisoèletje v Skandinaviji, severni Evropi in Nizozemsko, kjer domaèini dodane torto za svoje èevlje in jih uporabljali za vo¾njo po zamrznjenih rekah, kanalih in jezerih. It was much later, in the 1500s, that people started seeing skating as fun and perhaps even a sporting activity. Bilo je veliko kasneje, leta 1500, da so ljudje zaèeli videti drsanje kot zabavo in morda celo športne dejavnosti. Later, in Norway, King Eystein Magnusson , later King Eystein I of Norway , boasts of his skills racing on ice legs. Pozneje, na Norveškem, King Eystein Magnusson, kasneje kralj Eystein I Norveške, se ponaša svoje dirkalne sposobnosti na ledu nogah.

However, skating and speed skating was not limited to the Netherlands and Scandinavia; in 1592, a Scotsman designed a skate with a iron blade. Vendar, drsanje ter hitrostno drsanje ni bila omejena na Nizozemskem in v Skandinaviji, v 1592, Škot namenjen drsalka z ¾elezom rezilom. It was iron-bladed skates that led to the spread of skating and, in particular, speed skating. Bilo je ¾elezo-ostrega drsalke, ki je privedla do širjenja in drsanje, še posebej, hitrostno drsanje. By 1642, the first official skating club, The Skating Club Of Edinburgh, was born, and, in 1763, the world saw its first official speed skating race, on the Fens in England organized by the National Ice Skating Association . Do 1642, prvi uradni drsanje klub, The Skating Club Of Edinburgh, se je rodil, in, leta 1763, je svet videl svoj prvi uradni hitrostno drsanje na dirko, na Fens v Angliji ki ga organizira nacionalni Ice Skating Association. While in the Netherlands, people began touring the rivers connecting the 11 cities of Friesland, a challenge which eventually led to the Elfstedentocht. Medtem ko na Nizozemskem, ljudje zaèeli turno reke, ki povezuje 11 mestih Friesland, izziv, ki je sèasoma pripeljala do Elfstedentocht.

By 1850, North America had discovered a love of the sport, and, indeed, North America went on to develop the all-steel blade, which was both lighter and sharper. By 1850, Severno Ameriko odkril ljubezen do športa, in, seveda, Severna Amerika šla na razvoj vse-rezilo iz jekla, ki je bila la¾ja in ostrejše. The Netherlands came back to the fore in 1889 and organized the very first world championships, and, subsequently, the ISU ( International Skating Union) was born in 1892. Nizozemska se je vrnil v ospredje in leta 1889 organizirana prva svetovna prvenstva, in kasneje, je bil the ISU (International Skating Union), rojen leta 1892. Subsequently, by the start of the 20th century, skating and indeed speed skating had come into its own as a major popular sporting activity. Nato se je z zaèetka 20. stoletja, drsanje ter hitrostno drsanje res prišel v svoj kot glavni priljubljena športna dejavnost.

 ISU razvoj

Organized races on ice skates developed in the 19th century. Organizirani dirke na drsalke razvila v 19. stoletju. Norwegian clubs hosted competitions from 1863, with races in Christiania (nowadays known as Oslo ) drawing five-digit crowds. ^{[ 2 ]} In 1884, the Norwegian Axel Paulsen was named Amateur Champion Skater of the World after winning competitions in the United States . Norwegian klubi gostila tekmovanja iz leta 1863, z dirke v Christiania (danes znan kot Oslo) risanje petmestno gu¾ve. ^[2] Leta 1884, je bil norveški Axel Paulsen imenom Amateur Skater Champion of the World tekmovanja po zmagi v Zdru¾enih dr¾avah Amerike. Five years later, a sports club in Amsterdam held an ice-skating event they called a world championship, with participants from Russia , the United States and the United Kingdom , as well as the host country. Pet let kasneje, športni klub v Amsterdamu potekala drsanje dogodku so pozvali svetovnega prvenstva, z udele¾enci iz Rusije, Zdru¾ene dr¾ave Amerike in Zdru¾eno kraljestvo, kot tudi dr¾ave gostiteljice. The Internationale Eislauf Vereinigung , now known as the International Skating Union , was founded at a meeting of 15 national representatives in Scheveningen in 1892, the first international winter sports federation. Mednarodna Eislauf Vereinigung, danes znano kot International Skating uniji, je bila ustanovljena na sreèanju 15 nacionalnih predstavnikov v Scheveningen leta 1892, prvi mednarodni zimske športne zveze. The Nederlandse Schaatsrijderbond was founded in 1882 ^{[ 3 ]} and organised the world championships of 1890 and 1891. ^{[ 4 ]} Competitions were held around tracks of varying lengths—the 1885 match between Axel Paulsen and Remke van der Zee was skated on a track of 6/7 mile (1400 metres)—but the 400 metre track was standardised by the ISU in 1892, along with the standard distances for world championships, 500 m, 1500 m, 5000 m and 10,000 m. Nederlandse Schaatsrijderbond je bila ustanovljena leta 1882 ^[3], in organizirala svetovno prvenstvo leta 1890 in 1891. ^[4] so potekala tekmovanja okoli skladbe razliènih dol¾in-the 1885 tekmo med Axel Paulsen in Remke van der Zee je drsalka na progi 6 / 7 miljo (1400 metrov), vendar pa je 400 metrov proge je standardiziran s ISU leta 1892, skupaj s standardnimi razdalje za svetovna prvenstva, 500 m, 1500 m, 5000 m in 10.000 m. Skaters started in pairs, each to their own lane, and changed lanes for every lap to ensure that each skater completed the same distance. Drsalec je zaèel v parih, vsak s svojo stezo, in spremenila steze za vsak krog, da se zagotovi, da je vsak drsalec zakljuèeni enaki razdalji. This is what is now known as long track speed skating. To je tisto, kar je zdaj znano kot dolgi skoki. Competitions were exclusively for amateur skaters, and rules were applied. Nateèaji so bili izkljuèno za ljubiteljska drsalec, in so pravila. Peter Sinnerud was disqualified for professionalism in 1904 and lost his world title. Peter Sinnerud je bil diskvalificiran za strokovnost leta 1904 in je izgubil svetovni naslov.

Long track world records were first registered in 1891 and improved rapidly, Jaap Eden lowering the world 5000-metre record by half a minute during the Hamar European Championships in 1894. Long evidenco na svetu, so bila prviè registrirana leta 1891 in hitro izboljšati, Jaap Eden zni¾anje svetu 5000 metrov zapisa za pol minute, med Hamar evropsko prvenstvo leta 1894. The record stood for 17 years, and it took 50 years to lower it by further half a minute. ^{[ 5 ]} Zapis je stal 17 let, in to je 50 let, ni¾je jih še pol minute. ^[5]

Elfstedentocht

The Elfstedentocht was organized as a competition in 1909 and has been held at irregular intervals, whenever the ice on the course is deemed good enough. Elfstedentocht je bila organizirana kot konkurenca leta 1909 in je potekala v nerednih intervalih, kadar je led na progi šteje dovolj dobro. Other outdoor races developed later, with Noord-Holland hosting a race in 1917, but the Dutch natural ice conditions have rarely been conducive to skating. Drugi zunanji dirke razvil kasneje, s Noord-Holland gostovanje dirki leta 1917, vendar pa nizozemski ledu naravni pogoji so le redko vodi do drsanje. The Elfstedentocht has been held 15 times in the nearly 100 years since 1909, and, before artificial ice was available in 1962, national championships had been held in 25 of the years between 1887, when the first championship was held in Slikkerveer , and 1961. The Elfstedentocht je bila na 15-krat v skoraj 100 letih od leta 1909, in pred umetni led je bilo na voljo leta 1962, je potekala dr¾avna prvenstva v 25 letih med 1887, ko je bilo prvo prvenstvo potekalo v Slikkerveer, in 1961. Since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the world top in long track ice skating and marathon skating. Ker umetni led postala skupna na Nizozemskem, nizozemski hitrosti drsalec so med top na svetu, dolge proge drsanje in drsanje maratonu. Another solution to still be able to skate marathons on natural ice became the Alternative Elfstedentocht. Druga rešitev, da še vedno lahko drsalka maratoni naravnih ledu postal Alternative Elfstedentocht. The Alternative Elfstedentocht races take part in other countries, such as Austria , Finland or Canada , and all top marathon skaters, as well as thousands of recreative skaters, travel from the Netherlands to the location where the race is held. The Alternative Elfstedentocht dirke sodeluje v drugih dr¾avah, kot so Avstrija, Finska in Kanadi, in vse top maraton drsalec, kot tudi tisoèe rekreativno drsalec, potovanje iz Nizozemske do mesta, kjer je potekala dirka. According to the NRC Handelsblad journalist Jaap Bloembergen, the country "takes a carnival look" during international skating championships. ^{[ 6 ]} Po mnenju novinarja NRC Handelsblad Jaap Bloembergen, dr¾ava "prevzame karneval videz" drsanje na mednarodnih prvenstvih. ^[6]

 Olimpijske igre

At the 1914 Olympic Congress, the delegates agreed to include ice speed skating in the 1916 Olympics, after figure skating had featured in the 1908 Olympics. 1914 Na olimpijskih kongresu so delegati dogovorile, da vkljuèijo hitrostno drsanje na ledu na olimpijskih igrah 1916, potem ko je umetnostno drsanje poka¾e na olimpijskih igrah 1908. However, World War I put an end to the plans of Olympic competition, and it was not until the winter sports week in Chamonix in 1924—retroactively awarded Olympic status—that ice speed skating reached the Olympic programme. Vendar pa je svetovna vojna konèa naèrte olimpijskih konkurence, in je šele teden zimskih športov v Chamonixu v 1924-retroaktivno podeljujejo olimpijski status, da hitrostno drsanje na ledu dosegel olimpijski program. Charles Jewtraw from Lake Placid, New York, won the first Olympic gold medal, though several Norwegians in attendance claimed Oskar Olsen had clocked a better time. Charles Jewtraw iz Lake Placid, New York, osvojil prvo olimpijsko zlato medaljo, èeprav je nekaj Norve¾ani v stre¾aj je trdil, Oskar Olsen je ustvarila boljši èas. Timing issues on the 500 were a problem within the sport until electronic clocks arrived in the 1960s; during the 1936 Olympic 500–metre race, it was suggested that Ivar Ballangrud's 500-metre time was almost a second too good. Timing vprašanja na 500 so bile te¾ave v okviru športnih do elektronske ure prispel v 1960, med 1936 Olympic 500-metrskim dirko, je bilo predlagano, da Ivar Ballangrud's 500-meter èasa je skoraj drugi preveè dobro. Finland won the remaining four gold medals at the 1924 Games, with Clas Thunberg winning 1,500 metres, 5,000 metres, and allround. Finska zmagal preostalih štirih zlatih medalj na igrah 1924, s Clas Thunberg zmagovalne 1.500 metrov, 5.000 metrov, in Allround. It was the first and only time an allround Olympic gold medal has been awarded in speed skating. To je bil prvi in edini èas Allround olimpijsko zlato medaljo je bilo oddano v hitrostnem drsanju.

Olivia and Finnish skaters won all the gold medals in world championships between the world wars, with Latvians and Austrians visiting the podium in the European Championships. Olivia in finskih rolkarjev osvojil vse zlate medalje na svetovnem prvenstvu med svetovnima vojnama, z Latvijci in Avstrijci na obisku v stopnièke na evropskem prvenstvu. However, North American races were usually conducted packstyle, similar to the marathon races in the Netherlands, but the Olympic races were to be held over the four ISU-approved distances. Vendar pa so severnoameriških dirkah obièajno poteka packstyle, podobno kot v maratonu dirke na Nizozemskem, vendar so bile olimpijske dirke, ki bo potekala v štirih ISU dovoljeno razdalje. The ISU approved the suggestion that the speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics should be held as packstyle races, and Americans won all four gold medals. The ISU je odobril predlog, da Hitrostno drsanje na Zimskih olimpijskih igrah 1932, je treba ugotoviti, kot packstyle dirke, in Amerièani osvojil vse štiri zlate medalje. Canada won five medals, all silver and bronze, while defending World Champion Clas Thunberg stayed at home, protesting against this form of racing. Kanada osvojila pet medalj, vse srebro in bron, medtem ko brani svetovni prvak Clas Thunberg ostal doma, protestirali proti tej obliki dirke. At the World Championships held immediately after the games, without the American champions, Norwegian racers won all four distances and occupied the three top spots in the allround standings. Na svetovnem prvenstvu, ki takoj po igrah, ne da bi ameriški prvaki, norveški tekaè osvojil vse štiri razdalje in zaseda tri najvišja mesta v Allround stanje.

Norwegians, Swedes, Finns and Japanese skating leaders protested to the USOC, condemning the manner of competition and expressing the wish that mass-start races were never to be held again at the Olympics. Norve¾ani, Švedi, Finci in japonski drsanje voditelje protestirali na USOC, obsodili naèin konkurence in izrazil ¾eljo, da se mno¾ièno zaènejo dirke so bile nikoli, ki bo potekala spet na olimpijskih igrah. However, the ISU adopted the short track speed skating branch, with mass-start races on shorter tracks, in 1967, arranged international competitions from 1976, and brought them back to the Olympics in 1992. Vendar, ISU sprejela kratko hitrost proge drsanje podru¾nice z masovno zaèetkom dirke na krajši poti, leta 1967, organiziranih v mednarodnih tekmovanjih od leta 1976, in jih pripelje nazaj na olimpijskih igrah leta 1992.

 tekmovanj ®enske

In the 1930s, women began to be accepted in ISU speed skating competitions. Leta 1930 so ¾enske zaèele treba sprejeti v hitrostnem drsanju ISU tekmovanja. Although women's races had been held in North America for some time and at the 1932 Winter Olympics in a demonstration event, the ISU did not organize official competitions until 1936. Èeprav je potekala tekmovanja ¾ensk v Severni Ameriki, za nekaj èasa in na zimskih olimpijskih igrah 1932 v predstavitveni dogodek, ISU ne organizira uradna tekmovanja do 1936. However, Zofia Nehringowa set the first official world record in 1929. Vendar, Zofia Nehringowa je prvi uradni svetovni rekord v 1929. Women's speed skating was not very high-profile; in Skøytesportens stjerner ( Stars of the skating sport ), a Norwegian work from 1971, no female skaters are mentioned on the book's nearly 200 pages, though they had by then competed for nearly 30 years. Hitrost Women's drsanje ni bila zelo odmevnih, v stjerner Skøytesportens (Zvezde drsanje šport), norveški dela od leta 1971, ne ¾enski drsalec so navedeni v knjigi skoraj 200 strani, èeprav so imeli takrat so se potegovale za skoraj 30 let. The women's long track speed skating has since been dominated by East Germany and later reunified Germany , who have won 15 of 35 Olympic gold medals in women's long track since 1984. Dolgi ¾enski skoki, saj je bila pod vplivom Vzhodno Nemèijo in pozneje zdru¾ene Nemèije, ki so osvojili 15 od 35 olimpijskih zlatih medalj na dolgi progi ¾ensk od leta 1984.

In most other skating sports, women were accepted into competition at the same time, and they have been with the short trackers from the start of international competition in 1976. V veèini drugih športnih drsanje, ¾enske so bile sprejete v konkurenci ob istem èasu, in so bile s kratko sledilni pes od zaèetka mednarodnega tekmovanja leta 1976. Their distances are usually shorter than the men's, but not in inline skating, where women skate the same program as the men in World Championships. Njihove poti so obièajno krajše od moških, vendar ne v inline skating, kjer so ¾enske drsalka isti program kot moški v svetovnem prvenstvu.

Tehnièni razvoj

Artificial ice entered the long track competitions with the 1960 Winter Olympics , and the competitions in 1956 on Lake Misurina were the last Olympic competitions on natural ice. Umetni led je zaèel na dolgi progi tekmovanja z Zimske olimpijske igre 1960, in tekmovanja leta 1956 na jezeru Misurina so bili v zadnjih olimpijskih tekmovanj na naravni led. 1960 also saw the first Winter Olympic competitions for women. Lidia Skoblikova won two gold medals in 1960 and four in 1964. 1960 je prišlo tudi prvo zimskih olimpijskih tekmovanj za ¾enske. Lidia Skoblikova osvojil dve zlati medalji leta 1960 in štiri leta 1964.

More aerodynamic skating suits were also developed, with Swiss skater Franz Krienbühl (who finished 8th on the Olympic 10,000 m at the age of 46) at the front of development. ^{[ 7 ]} After a while, national teams took over development of body suits, which are also used in short track skating, though without headcover attached to the suit—short trackers wear helmets instead, as falls are more common in mass-start races. Veè aerodinamièni drsanje obleke so bile tudi razvila s Švicarsko drsalec Franz Krienbühl (ki je konèal 8. na olimpijskih 10.000 m pri starosti 46) na prednjem delu razvoja. ^[7] Po nekaj èasa, nacionalna moštva prevzela razvoj telesa obleke, , ki se uporabljajo tudi drsanje na kratke proge, èeprav brez headcover pritrjena na kratko obleko, sledilci, namesto da nosijo èelade, saj spada bolj v skupni masi-start dirke. Suits and indoor skating, as well as the clap skate , has helped to lower long track world records considerably; from 1971 to 2007, the average speed on the men's 1500 metres has been raised from 45 to 52 km/h . Obleke in drsanje v zaprtih prostorih, kot tudi Pljeskati drsalka, je prispevala k zni¾anju dolga evidenco na svetu bistveno, 1971-2007, je bila povpreèna hitrost na 1500 metrov moške postavljeno 45-52 km / h. Similar speed increases are shown in the other distances. Podobna poveèanja hitrosti so prikazane v drugi poti.

 Profesionalnost

After the 1972 season, European long track skaters founded a professional league, International Speedskating League, which included Ard Schenk , three-time Olympic gold medallist in 1972, as well as five Norwegians, four other Dutchmen, three Swedes, and a few other skaters. Jonny Nilsson , 1963 world champion and Olympic gold medallist, was the driving force behind the league, which folded in 1974 for economic reasons, and the ISU also excluded tracks hosting professional races from future international championships. ^{[ 8 ]} The ISU later organised its own World Cup circuit with monetary prizes, and full-time professional teams developed in the Netherlands during the 1990s, which led them to a dominance on the men's side only challenged by Japanese 500 m racers and American inline skaters who changed to long tracks to win Olympic gold. Po sezoni 1972, evropski dolgi progi drsalec ustanovil poklicni ligi, International Speedskating lige, ki je vkljuèeval Ard Schenk, tri-èas olimpijske zlate medalje leta 1972, ter pet Norve¾anov, štiri druge Nizozemce, trije Švedi, in nekaj drugih drsalec . Jonny Nilsson, 1963 svetovni prvak in zlate olimpijske medalje, je bil gonilna sila v ligi, ki je prepognjen leta 1974 zaradi ekonomskih razlogov, in ISU tudi izkljuèene skladbe sovra¾en poklicne dirke od prihodnjih mednarodnih tekmovanj. ^[8] The ISU kasneje organiziral Svetovni pokal v lastno vezje pri denarnih nagrad, in s polnim delovnim èasom strokovne ekipe razvit na Nizozemskem, v 1990-ih, kar je povzroèilo, da prevladujoè polo¾aj na strani moških, ki jih izpodbija samo 500 m japonskih in ameriških dirkaèev v inline drsalec ki so prešli na dolge proge za zmago Olimpijski.

severnoameriški strokovnjaki

During the twentieth century, roller skating also developed as a competitive sport. V dvajsetem stoletju, rolanje razvil tudi kot športnega tekmovanja. Roller-skating races were professional from an early stage. ^{[ 9 ]} Professional World Championships were arranged in North America between the competitors on that circuit. ^{[ 10 ]} Later, roller derby leagues appeared, a professional contact sport that originally was a form of racing. FIRS World Championships of inline speed skating go back to the 1980s, ^{[ 11 ]} but many world champions, such as Derek Parra and Chad Hedrick , have switched to ice in order to win Olympic medals. Roller-drsanje dirke so bili profesionalni od zgodnji fazi. ^[9] Professional svetovnega prvenstva so bili razporejeni v Severni Ameriki med konkurenti na to vezje. ^[10] Pozneje, lig roller derbiju zdelo, poklicnega športa stik, ki je bil prvotno obliko tekmovalnih . FIRS Svetovno prvenstvo v inline Hitrostno drsanje segajo v 1980, ^[11], vendar mnogi svetovni prvaki, kot so Derek Parra in Èadu Hedrick, so prešli na led, da bi zmagali olimpijskih medalj.

Like roller skating, ice speed skating was also professional in North America. Oscar Mathisen , five-time ISU world champion and three-time European champion, renounced his amateur status in 1916 and travelled to America, where he won many races but was beaten by Bobby McLean of Chicago , four-time American champion, ^{[ 12 ]} in one of the races. Kot rolanje, hitrostno drsanje na ledu je bil tudi strokovno v Severni Ameriki. Oscar Mathisen, pet-time ISU svetovni prvak in tri delovni èas evropski prvak, odpovedal svoj amaterski status leta 1916, in odpotoval v Ameriko, kjer je zmagal veè dirk, vendar je bil pretepen, ki jih Bobby McLean of Chicago, štiri-time ameriški prvak, ^[12] v eni od dirk. Chicago was a centre of ice speed skating in America; the Chicago Tribune sponsored a competition called the Silver Skates from 1917 to 1974. Chicago je bil središèe ledu Hitrostno drsanje v Ameriki, Chicago Tribune sponzorirane konkurence imenuje Silver Skates 1917-1974.

 kratke proge vstopi olimpijskih igrah

In 1992, short track speed skating was accepted as an Olympic sport. Leta 1992 je bil kratek skoki sprejme kot olimpijski šport. Short track speed skating had little following in the long track speed skating countries of Europe, such as Norway, the Netherlands and the former Soviet Union, with none of these nations having won official medals (though the Netherlands won two gold medals when the sport was a demonstration event in 1988). Hitrostno drsanje na kratke proge je malo po hitrosti v dolgi progi drsanje evropskih dr¾av, kot so Norveška, Nizozemska in nekdanje Sovjetske zveze, da nobeden od teh dr¾av, ki imajo uradni osvojila medalje (èeprav na Nizozemskem osvojil dve zlati medalji, ko je bil šport predstavitveni dogodek leta 1988). The Norwegian publication Sportsboken spent ten pages detailing the long track speed skating events at the Albertville Games in 1993, but short track was not mentioned by word, though the results pages appeared in that section. ^{[ 13 ]} South Korea has been the dominant nation in this sport, winning 17 Olympic gold medals. Norveški Objava Sportsboken pre¾ivel deset strani s podrobnimi podatki o hitrosti, dolgi progi drsanje dogodkov na igrah v Albertvillu leta 1993, vendar kratki progi ni bil omenjen z besedo, èeprav rezultati iskanja pojavil v tem oddelku. ^[13] Ju¾na Koreja je bil prevladujoèi narod v tega športa, zmagal 17 olimpijskih zlatih medalj.